dkorolkov y24dkorolkov 20260420 153 144 97 2 91 80 29 :!php ~/www/soosh/xml2mbz_overwrite_offline.php ~/www/ictnle.com3/sdata/inc_xml_mdl/course_log_dkorolkov_2025-2.xml :!php ../../../moosh/moosh.php course-restore --overwrite ../mbz_bup_offline/course_log_dkorolkov_2025-2.xml_2mdl.mbz 144 :!php ~/www/soosh/xml2mbz_update_onl.php ~/www/ictnle.com3/sdata/inc_xml_mdl/course_log_dkorolkov_2025-2.xml (send the link to your google doc (in edit mode!) icons8-reading-100.png quarterly test Prepare for quarterly test vocab pre teach functional language grammar focus smartphone or tablet device listening Download onto your phone or tablet and listen carefully. ]]> sbook_plugins/wordlist_generated_from_xml_clog_sbook_for_sbook_session.inc sbook_plugins/payment_history_generated_from_xml_clog_sbook.inc Avito Dmitry Skorolkov dskorolkov@avito.ru 20250721 39 yrs old https://youtu.be/49RT6SQ8n0Y?si=wRpxvuWeKyzlX8pJ @wlredeye +7 903 518 01 35 pg 25 The danger of losing touch with reality market_leader_3rd_advanced_students_book_pg24-29_clean_energy_case_study.pdf Scottish accent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4k8dR04TzA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jHfY0dDZxA https://www.thetoptens.com/nations/most-influential-country-history-world/ UDP protocol for audio video communication in video conferencing tools todo Lexical material: reporting paraphrasing Mon 08:30-09:30 MSK Thu 08:30-09:30 MSK optional Sat 10:00-11:00 MSK Jimmy Carr British-Irish comedian witty known for his rapid-fire deadpan delivery of one-liners. ~ Ivan Urgan ]]> 20260420 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 644 = 616 active Do businesses really want to replace humans by AI agents? (2/2) By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 136 3 Dialogue A active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> I’m not convinced replacing staff with AI isn’t a bit dodgy, especially given the risks. Martin: Dodgy or not, the cost savings are huge, and ignoring that feels a bit off strategically. Clara: It’s not just strategy, the customer experience could become a bit ropey without human input! Martin: Honestly, keeping full teams is touch and go financially in this market... Clara: But relying entirely on AI seems dodgy from an ethical standpoint. Martin: Ethics aside, our competitors are already doing it, and we’re falling behind. Clara: That argument feels a bit off, especially if quality drops. Martin: Quality can be managed, but costs can’t if we keep everyone. Clara: The whole plan sounds a bit ropey operationally. Martin: And your reluctance makes scaling impossible! Clara: Then we’re stuck, because this is too risky. Martin: Clearly, we’re not going to agree on this. ]]> a bit dodgy about automation?]]> dodgy = unreliable or risky touch and go financially?]]> touch and go = uncertain outcome 135 4 Dialogue B active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> I still think full automation is a bit dodgy, but maybe partial use could work Martin: Yeah, going all in does feel a bit off, especially with customer-facing roles Clara: If we keep humans for complex tasks, we avoid a bit ropey service quality Martin: That makes sense, and it reduces the touch and go nature of the transition Clara: We could automate routine processes but retain skilled staff Martin: Exactly, that balances efficiency and risk Clara: It’s not perfect, but it’s less dodgy than full replacement Martin: Agreed, and it keeps morale stable while improving productivity Clara: Alright, let’s propose a hybrid model Martin: Sounds good, I’m on board with that ]]> “a bit ropey” suggest about service quality in the discussion?]]> a bit ropey = poor or unreliable quality “a bit off”?]]> a bit off = not quite right 134 5 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Criticising arguments C1 active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row How do you question arguments you are confronted with? 43 18 left 1;2;3;4 5;6;7;8 of uncertain reliability, quality, or legality;suspect or risky a bit off
not quite right;suspicious or of questionable quality or freshness a bit ropey
of poor or uncertain quality;not functioning well or looking unwell touch and go
describing a situation where the outcome is very uncertain and could quickly go either way contentious
likely to cause disagreement or controversy a moot point
a point or question that is open to argument or is no longer of practical importance not indisputable
not so certain or established as to be beyond doubt or dispute a matter of contention
an issue that is actively disputed or argued over ]]> informal expressions which mean 'iffy’ (arguable) dodgy;of uncertain reliability, quality, or legality;suspect or risky.;сомнительной надёжности, качества или законности;подозрительный или рискованный. a bit off;not quite right;suspicious or of questionable quality or freshness.;не совсем правильный;подозрительный или сомнительного качества или свежести. a bit ropey;of poor or uncertain quality;not functioning well or looking unwell.;плохого или ненадёжного качества;функционирующий неважно или имеющий болезненный вид. touch and go;describing a situation where the outcome is very uncertain and could quickly go either way.;описывает ситуацию, в которой исход очень неопределён и может быстро измениться в любую сторону. formal expressions which mean 'arguable' contentious;likely to cause disagreement or controversy.;спорный, способный вызвать разногласие или противоречия. a moot point;a point or question that is open to argument or is no longer of practical importance.;вопрос, открытый для дискуссии или более не имеющий практического значения. not indisputable;not so certain or established as to be beyond doubt or dispute.;не настолько определённый или установленный, чтобы быть вне сомнений или споров. a matter of contention;an issue that is actively disputed or argued over.;вопрос, который активно оспаривается или является предметом споров. ]]> 133 6 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png Discuss whether AI adoption is a matter of contention in your company. Recycle new expressions and language. ✓ argue automation reduce cost but seem dodgy ethically ✓ suggest long-term impact remain a moot point ✓ highlight efficiency gain in operations ✓ propose hybrid solution for balance 〆 warn full automation risk job loss 132 7 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png Debate a better but more expensive human-led solution. Recycle new expressions and language. ✓ argue human solution avoid ropey service quality ✓ highlight better customer experience ✓ justify higher cost through long-term value ✓ explain decision remain contentious internally 〆 note budget constraints limit options 131 8 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png Negotiate a compromise between AI and human roles. Recycle new expressions and language. ✓ suggest hybrid model reduce risk ✓ argue full automation outcome not indisputable ✓ highlight transition remain touch and go ✓ propose phased implementation 〆 warn against rapid change Is it realistic to expect AI to fully replace human roles, or is this assumption a moot point? a moot point = open question a matter of contention = debated issue How might employees respond if businesses increasingly adopt AI, and why is this reaction considered contentious? contentious = causing disagreement not indisputable = uncertain 130 contentious;likely to cause disagreement or controversy.;спорный, способный вызвать разногласие или противоречия. a moot point;a point or question that is open to argument or is no longer of practical importance.;вопрос, открытый для дискуссии или более не имеющий практического значения. not indisputable;not so certain or established as to be beyond doubt or dispute.;не настолько определённый или установленный, чтобы быть вне сомнений или споров. a matter of contention;an issue that is actively disputed or argued over.;вопрос, который активно оспаривается или является предметом споров. dodgy;of uncertain reliability, quality, or legality;suspect or risky.;сомнительной надёжности, качества или законности;подозрительный или рискованный. a bit off;not quite right;suspicious or of questionable quality or freshness.;не совсем правильный;подозрительный или сомнительного качества или свежести. a bit ropey;of poor or uncertain quality;not functioning well or looking unwell.;плохого или ненадёжного качества;функционирующий неважно или имеющий болезненный вид. touch and go;describing a situation where the outcome is very uncertain and could quickly go either way.;описывает ситуацию, в которой исход очень неопределён и может быстро измениться в любую сторону. a dead cert;something that is considered absolutely certain to happen.;то, что считается абсолютно гарантированным, обязательно произойдет. It's in the bag;success or victory is considered completely assured.;успех или победа считаются полностью обеспеченными. It's a slam dunk;(borrowed from us english but widely used) an action or result that is certain to be successful.;(заимствовано из амер. англ., но широко используется) действие или результат, которые гарантированно будут успешными. It's a racing certainty;something that is regarded as virtually guaranteed, especially in predicting an event.;то, что считается практически гарантированным, особенно при предсказании какого-либо события. a foregone conclusion;a result that is certain to happen and cannot be avoided.;результат, который неизбежно произойдет и которого нельзя избежать. an inescapable outcome;a judgement or decision that cannot be avoided due to the weight of evidence or logic.;суждение или решение, которого нельзя избежать из-за силы доказательств или логики. a fait accompli;a thing that has already been done or decided, leaving others with no option but to accept it.;то, что уже было сделано или решено, оставляя другим лишь возможность принять это. a preordained conclusion;an outcome believed to have been determined in advance by fate or a higher power.;исход, который, как считается, был предопределен заранее судьбой или высшей силой. a corollary;a proposition that follows with little or no proof required from one already proven.;утверждение, которое следует из уже доказанного с необходимостью, требующей мало или вовсе не требующей отдельных доказательств. a foreknown consequence;a result that was known or anticipated before it occurred.;результат, который был известен или ожидаем до его наступления. inherently = being a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed; intrinsically 129 20260417 18:15-19:15 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 672 = 644 active Do businesses really want to replace humans by AI agents? (1/2) By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 128 1 Lead in active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png How are businesses currently using AI in their operations, and why is this sometimes considered contentious? contentious = causing disagreement To what extent is replacing human workers with AI agents a matter of contention in modern business strategy? moot point = open to debate not indisputable = not fully certain What risks might organisations face if they rely heavily on AI instead of human employees? 127 2 Do businesses really want to replace humans by AI agents? active wip edit_short_reading_floating prep_short_reading_floating pix/icons8-reading-100_white.png Why does the text describe the role of human skills as uncertain in comparison to AI capabilities? contentious = debated What makes the long-term impact of AI on employment a moot point according to the text? a moot point = open to debate a matter of contention = disputed What is the likely outcome of AI deployment? Do businesses really want to replace humans by AI agents? Do businesses really want to replace humans by AI agents? Duncan Potter - ChatGPT 20260417 ictnle.com
contentious = likely to cause disagreement or controversy a moot point = a point or question that is open to argument or is no longer of practical importance not indisputable = not so certain or established as to be beyond doubt or dispute a matter of contention = an issue that is actively disputed or argued over inherently = being a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed, intrinsically
126 contentious;likely to cause disagreement or controversy.;спорный, способный вызвать разногласие или противоречия. a moot point;a point or question that is open to argument or is no longer of practical importance.;вопрос, открытый для дискуссии или более не имеющий практического значения not indisputable;not so certain or established as to be beyond doubt or dispute.;не настолько определённый или установленный, чтобы быть вне сомнений или споров a matter of contention;an issue that is actively disputed or argued over.;вопрос, который активно оспаривается или является предметом споров inherently = being a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed; intrinsically 125 20260413 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 700 = 672 active Modernising legacy software or keeping a mixed system (2/2) By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 124 3 Dialogue B active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png What is technological success predicated by? Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> I think we can agree the decision is contingent upon balancing risk and efficiency. The current system is underpinned by legacy constraints. Martin: Yes, and our approach must be premised on minimising disruption. Too much rides on operational continuity. Clara: What if we phase the transition? That way, success hinges on a controlled rollout rather than a full overhaul. Martin: That could work. It would reduce the chance of opening a can of worms or setting off a chain reaction. Clara: Exactly. The plan would be predicated upon gradual change, limiting the fallout if issues arise. Martin: And we can monitor any downstream impact before scaling further. Clara: That also helps us manage second- and third-order consequences and avoid a chain of repercussions. Martin: Agreed. It boils down to careful execution. If done properly, the benefits will outweigh the risks. Clara: So we proceed with a pilot. The outcome will determine the wider ramifications. Martin: Yes, and we can bank on measurable results before committing fully. That seems like a reasonable compromise. ]]> How did Clara and Martin reach a compromise on the software strategy? to be premised on = be based on idea or assumption wider ramifications = broader long-term consequences too much rides on stability? ]]> to ride on = to depend on outcome with high stakes second- and third-order consequences?]]> second- and third-order consequences = indirect later effects of action How did both speakers describe the risks of maintaining the current system? contagion effect = tendency to spread quickly chain of repercussions = connected series of negative effects What arguments did Clara use to justify modernisation despite higher costs? to be underpinned by = supported by fundamental element What final agreement was reached and why? to be contingent upon = depend on condition 123 4 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Contingencies and side-effects active 3 xml_multi_dd_row How do you mitigate contingencies and side-effects in a repeatable, and yet scalable, manner? ✓ forecast operational, economic, technological... contingencies ✓ imagine worst case scenarios & collaterals ✓ design various mitigation plans ✓ set up recovery strategies ✓ put aside a financial reserve → match the expressions with the category & register (formal vs informal) → describe a real-life or fictional situation with each expression ]]> 22 20 left 1;2;3;4;5 6;7;8;9;10 11;12;13;14;15 16;17;18;19;20 to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event to be premised on
to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds to be predicated upon
(the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition to be underpinned by
to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle to be derivative of
to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact to hinge on
to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event to be down to
to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor to bank on
to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something to ride on
(often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome to boil down to
for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing a contagion effect
the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population a downstream impact
the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause second- and third-order consequences
the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action a chain of repercussions
a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action wider ramifications
the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision to open a can of worms
to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble to set off a chain reaction
to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next the fallout
the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action it's had legs
said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time to send shockwaves through
to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance ]]> formal expressions which mean 'to depend on' to be contingent upon;to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event.;зависеть от или быть обусловленным конкретным обстоятельством или событием. to be premised on;to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds.;основываться на определенной идее, предположении или утверждении, из которых исходит рассуждение. to be predicated upon;(the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition.;(исходная фраза) основываться или быть установленным на определенной концепции, факте или условии. to be underpinned by;to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle.;поддерживаться, укрепляться или обосновываться фундаментальным элементом или принципом. to be derivative of;to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact.;происходить из или иметь свой источник в предшествующей идее или факте. informal expressions which mean 'to hang on' to hinge on;to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event.;решающим образом зависеть от одного фактора или события. to be down to;to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor.;обуславливаться или зависеть от конкретного человека, вещи или фактора. to bank on;to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something.;уверенно рассчитывать на то, что что-то произойдет или кто-то что-то сделает. to ride on;(often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome.;(часто о высоких ставках) иметь что-то важное, зависящее от результата. to boil down to;for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing.;сводиться к тому, что самым важным фактором или основной причиной является нечто конкретное. formal expressions which mean 'side effect' a contagion effect;the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population.;тенденция события, явления или настроения (особенно негативного) быстро распространяться по системе или среди населения. a downstream impact;the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause.;последствия или эффекты, ощущаемые позднее в процессе или последовательности событий, дальше от первоначальной причины. second- and third-order consequences;the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action.;косвенные и часто непреднамеренные результаты, возникающие как более позднее следствие первоначального действия. a chain of repercussions;a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action.;связанная серия неблагоприятных эффектов или последствий, возникающих в результате первоначального действия. wider ramifications;the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision.;более широкие, часто сложные и далеко идущие последствия действия или решения. informal expressions which mean 'ripple effect' to open a can of worms;to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble.;сделать что-то, что вызовет множество сложных проблем или неожиданных хлопот. to set off a chain reaction;to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next.;запустить серию связанных событий, где каждое вызывает последующее. the fallout;the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action.;неприятные и неизбежные последствия ситуации или действия. it's had legs;said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time.;говорится о событии или истории, которые продолжали развиваться, распространяться или иметь последствия с течением времени. to send shockwaves through;to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance.;вызвать внезапное и повсеместное чувство удивления, тревоги или потрясения. ]]> 122 5 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png Your company is under pressure to offer technological features bragged by competitors. Including such features would involve modernising your technological stack. Recycle new expressions and language. You are in favour of revamping the workflow and perhaps firing the elder staff members who can't adapt. Provide a logical argument progression and resolve the disagreement with a compromise. ✓ system underpinned by outdated logic ✓ success hinges on simplification ✓ need for better quality data to take advantage of AI tools (reliable source of truth) 〆mixed feelings regarding the competencies of staff 〆technologically less knowledgeable employees hampering any revamping attempts ✓ reconsider pool of talents and their life long learning skills → focus on simple products that can be scaled rather than expensive, high tech solutions ✓ might be faster to rebuild from scratch with a new team → find a political balance between job losses and retraining ✓ at worst, add value prior to a potential IPO (exit strategy) You are against the modernisation of your workflow and losing some of your most experienced senior engineers. You believe it could set a chain reaction (loss of morale, poor talent retention, reputational damage...) Escalate the conflict by focusing on causality and consequences. 〆decision contingent on cost constraints of maintaining obsolete solutions 〆such changes could open a can of worms e.g. skills relevance of senior staff 〆expect cascading technical issues e.g. maintaining new technologies 〆fear fallout from disruption e.g. unpredictable supply chain 〆time frame required for transitioning might be too long to be cost effective 〆refuse to make some risk averse staff redundant 121 to be contingent upon = to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event.;зависеть от или быть обусловленным конкретным обстоятельством или событием. to be premised on = to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds.;основываться на определенной идее, предположении или утверждении, из которых исходит рассуждение. to be predicated upon = (the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition.;(исходная фраза) основываться или быть установленным на определенной концепции, факте или условии. to be underpinned by = to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle.;поддерживаться, укрепляться или обосновываться фундаментальным элементом или принципом. to be derivative of = to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact.;происходить из или иметь свой источник в предшествующей идее или факте. to hinge on = to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event.;решающим образом зависеть от одного фактора или события. to be down to = to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor.;обуславливаться или зависеть от конкретного человека, вещи или фактора. to bank on = to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something.;уверенно рассчитывать на то, что что-то произойдет или кто-то что-то сделает. to ride on = (often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome.;(часто о высоких ставках) иметь что-то важное, зависящее от результата. to boil down to = for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing.;сводиться к тому, что самым важным фактором или основной причиной является нечто конкретное. a contagion effect = the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population.;тенденция события, явления или настроения (особенно негативного) быстро распространяться по системе или среди населения. a downstream impact = the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause.;последствия или эффекты, ощущаемые позднее в процессе или последовательности событий, дальше от первоначальной причины. second- and third-order consequences = the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action.;косвенные и часто непреднамеренные результаты, возникающие как более позднее следствие первоначального действия. a chain of repercussions = a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action.;связанная серия неблагоприятных эффектов или последствий, возникающих в результате первоначального действия. wider ramifications = the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision.;более широкие, часто сложные и далеко идущие последствия действия или решения. to open a can of worms = to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble.;сделать что-то, что вызовет множество сложных проблем или неожиданных хлопот. to set off a chain reaction = to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next.;запустить серию связанных событий, где каждое вызывает последующее. the fallout = the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action.;неприятные и неизбежные последствия ситуации или действия. it's had legs = said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time.;говорится о событии или истории, которые продолжали развиваться, распространяться или иметь последствия с течением времени. to send shockwaves through = to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance.;вызвать внезапное и повсеместное чувство удивления, тревоги или потрясения. to fathom ~ sb/sth (out) = to understand or find an explanation for sth; noun - a unit for measuring the depth of water, equal to 6 feet or 1.8 metres fallout = bad results of a situation or an action to underpin = to support or form the basis of an argument, a claim, etc overhaul = examination of a machine or system, including doing repairs on it or making changes to it C1 120 1 Hiring more in-store sales staff or investing in e-commerce active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png What key factors should a company analyse when deciding between hiring more in-store sales staff and investing in e-commerce? What key factors should a company analyse when deciding between hiring more in-store sales staff and investing in e-commerce? e-commerce = buying and selling goods online scalability = ability to grow without losing performance How can increasing online sales capabilities affect a company’s overall performance? market reach = extent to which company can access customers operational costs = expenses related to running business Why might a company prefer hiring more sales staff instead of investing in a website upgrade? upfront investment = initial cost before returns retail model = way company sells products in shops What economic and technological trends support the shift towards e-commerce? footfall = number of people visiting store logistics = management of transportation and delivery How could choosing the wrong sales strategy impact a company’s long-term growth? competitiveness = ability to compete effectively engagement = level of customer interaction 119 2 Dialogue A active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> The entire strategy is contingent upon how customers are shifting online. Our current sales model is underpinned by physical stores, but demand is clearly changing. David: I disagree. Our revenue is predicated upon in-store performance. Too much rides on personal interaction. Sheila: But the decline in footfall is a contagion effect across retail. The problem is derivative of broader market trends. David: Upgrading the website could open a can of worms. It might set off a chain reaction of technical and operational issues. Sheila: It boils down to efficiency. The delays and missed sales are down to our weak online presence. David: And the fallout from a failed rollout would send shockwaves through the business. Sheila: Success hinges on adapting early. Otherwise, we face second- and third-order consequences like losing market share. David: Or we trigger a chain of repercussions if customers have a poor online experience. Sheila: The wider ramifications of doing nothing are even worse. David: We clearly cannot agree. I am not prepared to bank on a risky digital transformation. ]]> It boils down to efficiency in the discussion?]]> to boil down to = reduce to most important factor open a can of worms?]]> to open a can of worms = create complicated problems success hinges on adapting early?]]> to hinge on = depend decisively on one factor the fallout?]]> the fallout = negative consequences 118 3 Dialogue B active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> The decision should be premised on balancing both channels. Our growth is contingent upon adapting to online demand. David: I agree, but the approach must be predicated upon minimising risk. Too much rides on stable revenue. Sheila: What if we enhance the website gradually? That way, success hinges on controlled improvements. David: That would avoid opening a can of worms or setting off a chain reaction. Sheila: Exactly. The plan would be underpinned by phased investment, limiting the fallout. David: We could monitor downstream impact before expanding further. Sheila: And manage second- and third-order consequences more effectively. David: It also reduces the risk of a chain of repercussions across operations. Sheila: In the end, it boils down to flexibility and data-driven decisions. David: Agreed. We can bank on gradual growth and assess the wider ramifications before scaling. ]]> How did both speakers justify a phased approach in the second dialogue? downstream impact = later consequences in process chain of repercussions = series of negative effects Role play situation: A retail company must choose between hiring more staff or investing in online sales. What arguments could each side present? to be contingent upon = depend on condition to ride on = depend on outcome Role play situation: A company is debating launching a new e-commerce platform. What arguments might be used? to be premised on = based on idea downstream impact = later consequences Role play situation: A business wants to balance online and offline sales channels. What positions could be defended? to be predicated upon = based on condition to bank on = rely confidently on 117 20260409 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 840 20260407 -28 + -112 +840 = 700 active Ideologies in Iran vs Russia By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 116 1 Is there a genuine ideology behind Russia's war? active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Can looking at the geopolitical situation in Iran help fathom the ideology behind Russia's war? Use rules, general, lesson_structure, format, qa_formatting, answers, hints, final_checklist from the Business English Lesson Generator — Prompt Template to discuss the following topic and answer the following questions: Topic: Ideologies in Iran vs Russia Questions: How different are ideologies in Russia and Iran? To what extent are patriotism or nationalism in Russia comparable to radical religious ideology in Iran? Can ideology in Russia be strong enough to support further economic & cultural isolation from the West? Isn't Russian state intervention in market forces excessive & restricting liberties? How long will Russians be willing to accept their government's narrative? How different are ideologies in Russia and Iran in terms of governance and societal influence? governance = way a country is controlled or directed To what extent can Russian patriotism be compared with religious ideology in Iran? to hinge on = to depend decisively on one factor martyr /ˈmɑ:tə/ = person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs Can ideology in Russia be strong enough to support further isolation from the West? 〆potential downstream impacts on living standards → narrower assortment of goods & feeling of being unfairly denied access to a given lifestyle ✓ warn of second- and third-order consequences for economy 〆fewer opportunities for divergent thinking 〆sub-conscious resentment towards western trends ✓ sanctions bring about creative solutions to circumvent artificial obstacles 〆Russians having been given a taste of the western lifestyle are less prone to giving up 〆public opinion unlikely to continue such structural changes unless under coercion of the government → sustainability remains uncertain over the long term ]]> to be contingent upon = to depend on a condition downstream impact = later consequences in process coercion = action of making sb do sth that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force Is Russian state intervention in market forces excessive and restrictive? to open a can of worms = to create complicated problems How long might citizens accept government narratives, and what factors influence this? dissent = fact of having or expressing opinions that are different from those that are officially accepted to be down to = be caused by specific factor contagion effect = tendency to spread quickly 115 governance = way a country is controlled or directed martyr /ˈmɑ:tə/ = person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs to hinge on = to depend decisively on one factor martyr /ˈmɑ:tə/ = person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs coercion = action of making sb do sth that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force to be contingent upon = to depend on condition downstream impact = later consequences in process to open a can of worms = to create complicated problems dissent = fact of having or expressing opinions that are different from those that are officially accepted to be down to = be caused by specific factor contagion effect = tendency to spread quickly to fathom ~ sb/sth (out) = to understand or find an explanation for sth; noun - a unit for measuring the depth of water, equal to 6 feet or 1.8 metres 114 20260406 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -84 = -112 active Defining terrorism By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 113 Definition of a Terrorist Organization active textbook 112 111 20260402 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -56 = -84 active Modernising legacy software or keeping a mixed system (1/2) By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 110 1 Modernising legacy software or keeping a mixed system active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png What factors should a company consider when deciding whether to modernise its legacy software or keep a mixed system? What factors should a company consider when deciding whether to modernise its legacy software or keep a mixed system? legacy system = old technology still in use despite newer alternatives scalability = ability of system to grow and handle increased demand Why might a company hesitate to replace a legacy system even if better solutions exist? upfront investment = initial cost required before benefits are realised migration = process of moving from one system to another How could modernising software systems impact a company’s long-term competitiveness? competitiveness = ability to compete effectively in market resilience = ability to withstand or recover from difficulties 109 2 Dialogue A active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Why could modernising your workflow seem questionable? Read the dialogue. → answer the questions ]]> The whole decision is contingent upon whether we reduce complexity. Our current system is underpinned by outdated logic and is derivative of choices we made twenty years ago. Martin: I disagree. The budget is predicated upon maintaining stability. Too much rides on keeping operations running smoothly. Clara: But it boils down to efficiency. The delays we see are down to fragmentation, and the downstream impact is affecting delivery times. Martin: You are ignoring the risk. Changing everything could open a can of worms and set off a chain reaction across all departments. Clara: That risk is exaggerated. The inefficiencies are already having a contagion effect across teams. Martin: And the fallout from a failed migration would send shockwaves through the company. Clara: Success hinges on simplification. Otherwise, we face second- and third-order consequences we cannot control. Martin: Or we face a chain of repercussions if the transition fails. The entire business case is contingent upon cost control. Clara: And long-term competitiveness is predicated upon modernisation. Martin: We clearly cannot agree. The wider ramifications are too serious for me to approve this. ]]> What are the main points of disagreement between Clara and Martin regarding modernisation? to be underpinned by = be supported by fundamental element to hinge on = depend decisively on one factor It boils down to simplifying the stack?]]> to boil down to = reduce to most important factor set off a chain reaction?]]> to set off a chain reaction = trigger series of related events 108 to be contingent upon = to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event.;зависеть от или быть обусловленным конкретным обстоятельством или событием. to be premised on = to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds.;основываться на определенной идее, предположении или утверждении, из которых исходит рассуждение. to be predicated upon = (the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition.;(исходная фраза) основываться или быть установленным на определенной концепции, факте или условии. to be underpinned by = to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle.;поддерживаться, укрепляться или обосновываться фундаментальным элементом или принципом. to be derivative of = to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact.;происходить из или иметь свой источник в предшествующей идее или факте. to hinge on = to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event.;решающим образом зависеть от одного фактора или события. to be down to = to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor.;обуславливаться или зависеть от конкретного человека, вещи или фактора. to bank on = to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something.;уверенно рассчитывать на то, что что-то произойдет или кто-то что-то сделает. to ride on = (often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome.;(часто о высоких ставках) иметь что-то важное, зависящее от результата. to boil down to = for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing.;сводиться к тому, что самым важным фактором или основной причиной является нечто конкретное. a contagion effect = the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population.;тенденция события, явления или настроения (особенно негативного) быстро распространяться по системе или среди населения. a downstream impact = the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause.;последствия или эффекты, ощущаемые позднее в процессе или последовательности событий, дальше от первоначальной причины. second- and third-order consequences = the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action.;косвенные и часто непреднамеренные результаты, возникающие как более позднее следствие первоначального действия. a chain of repercussions = a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action.;связанная серия неблагоприятных эффектов или последствий, возникающих в результате первоначального действия. wider ramifications = the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision.;более широкие, часто сложные и далеко идущие последствия действия или решения. to open a can of worms = to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble.;сделать что-то, что вызовет множество сложных проблем или неожиданных хлопот. to set off a chain reaction = to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next.;запустить серию связанных событий, где каждое вызывает последующее. the fallout = the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action.;неприятные и неизбежные последствия ситуации или действия. it's had legs = said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time.;говорится о событии или истории, которые продолжали развиваться, распространяться или иметь последствия с течением времени. to send shockwaves through = to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance.;вызвать внезапное и повсеместное чувство удивления, тревоги или потрясения. 107 20260330 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -28 = -56 active Mitigating contingencies and side-effects (vocab) By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 106 2 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Contingencies and side-effects active 3 xml_multi_dd_row How do you mitigate contingencies and side-effects in a repeatable, and yet scalable, manner? ✓ forecast operational, economic, technological... contingencies ✓ imagine worst case scenarios & collaterals ✓ design various mitigation plans ✓ set up recovery strategies ✓ put aside a financial reserve → match the expressions with the category & register (formal vs informal) → describe a real-life or fictional situation with each expression ]]> 22 20 left 1;2;3;4;5 6;7;8;9;10 11;12;13;14;15 16;17;18;19;20 to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event to be premised on
to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds to be predicated upon
(the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition to be underpinned by
to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle to be derivative of
to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact to hinge on
to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event to be down to
to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor to bank on
to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something to ride on
(often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome to boil down to
for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing a contagion effect
the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population a downstream impact
the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause second- and third-order consequences
the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action a chain of repercussions
a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action wider ramifications
the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision to open a can of worms
to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble to set off a chain reaction
to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next the fallout
the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action it's had legs
said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time to send shockwaves through
to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance ]]> formal expressions which mean 'to depend on' to be contingent upon;to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event.;зависеть от или быть обусловленным конкретным обстоятельством или событием. to be premised on;to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds.;основываться на определенной идее, предположении или утверждении, из которых исходит рассуждение. to be predicated upon;(the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition.;(исходная фраза) основываться или быть установленным на определенной концепции, факте или условии. to be underpinned by;to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle.;поддерживаться, укрепляться или обосновываться фундаментальным элементом или принципом. to be derivative of;to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact.;происходить из или иметь свой источник в предшествующей идее или факте. informal expressions which mean 'to hang on' to hinge on;to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event.;решающим образом зависеть от одного фактора или события. to be down to;to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor.;обуславливаться или зависеть от конкретного человека, вещи или фактора. to bank on;to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something.;уверенно рассчитывать на то, что что-то произойдет или кто-то что-то сделает. to ride on;(often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome.;(часто о высоких ставках) иметь что-то важное, зависящее от результата. to boil down to;for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing.;сводиться к тому, что самым важным фактором или основной причиной является нечто конкретное. formal expressions which mean 'side effect' a contagion effect;the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population.;тенденция события, явления или настроения (особенно негативного) быстро распространяться по системе или среди населения. a downstream impact;the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause.;последствия или эффекты, ощущаемые позднее в процессе или последовательности событий, дальше от первоначальной причины. second- and third-order consequences;the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action.;косвенные и часто непреднамеренные результаты, возникающие как более позднее следствие первоначального действия. a chain of repercussions;a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action.;связанная серия неблагоприятных эффектов или последствий, возникающих в результате первоначального действия. wider ramifications;the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision.;более широкие, часто сложные и далеко идущие последствия действия или решения. informal expressions which mean 'ripple effect' to open a can of worms;to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble.;сделать что-то, что вызовет множество сложных проблем или неожиданных хлопот. to set off a chain reaction;to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next.;запустить серию связанных событий, где каждое вызывает последующее. the fallout;the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action.;неприятные и неизбежные последствия ситуации или действия. it's had legs;said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time.;говорится о событии или истории, которые продолжали развиваться, распространяться или иметь последствия с течением времени. to send shockwaves through;to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance.;вызвать внезапное и повсеместное чувство удивления, тревоги или потрясения. ]]> 105 to be contingent upon = to be dependent on or conditional upon a specific circumstance or event.;зависеть от или быть обусловленным конкретным обстоятельством или событием. to be premised on = to be based on a particular idea, assumption, or statement from which reasoning proceeds.;основываться на определенной идее, предположении или утверждении, из которых исходит рассуждение. to be predicated upon = (the original phrase) to be based or established on a particular concept, fact, or condition.;(исходная фраза) основываться или быть установленным на определенной концепции, факте или условии. to be underpinned by = to be supported, strengthened, or substantiated by a fundamental element or principle.;поддерживаться, укрепляться или обосновываться фундаментальным элементом или принципом. to be derivative of = to originate from or have its source in a prior idea or fact.;происходить из или иметь свой источник в предшествующей идее или факте. to hinge on = to be decisively dependent on a single factor or event.;решающим образом зависеть от одного фактора или события. to be down to = to be attributable to or dependent on a particular person, thing, or factor.;обуславливаться или зависеть от конкретного человека, вещи или фактора. to bank on = to rely confidently on something happening or someone doing something.;уверенно рассчитывать на то, что что-то произойдет или кто-то что-то сделает. to ride on = (often for high stakes) to have something important dependent on an outcome.;(часто о высоких ставках) иметь что-то важное, зависящее от результата. to boil down to = for the most important factor or the ultimate basis to be a particular thing.;сводиться к тому, что самым важным фактором или основной причиной является нечто конкретное. a contagion effect = the tendency of an event, phenomenon, or sentiment (especially negative) to spread rapidly through a system or population.;тенденция события, явления или настроения (особенно негативного) быстро распространяться по системе или среди населения. a downstream impact = the consequences or effects that are felt later in a process or sequence, further from the original cause.;последствия или эффекты, ощущаемые позднее в процессе или последовательности событий, дальше от первоначальной причины. second- and third-order consequences = the indirect and often unintended outcomes that follow as a later result of an initial action.;косвенные и часто непреднамеренные результаты, возникающие как более позднее следствие первоначального действия. a chain of repercussions = a connected series of adverse effects or consequences arising from an initial action.;связанная серия неблагоприятных эффектов или последствий, возникающих в результате первоначального действия. wider ramifications = the broader, often complex and far-reaching consequences of an action or decision.;более широкие, часто сложные и далеко идущие последствия действия или решения. to open a can of worms = to do something that will cause a lot of complicated problems or unexpected trouble.;сделать что-то, что вызовет множество сложных проблем или неожиданных хлопот. to set off a chain reaction = to trigger a series of related events where each causes the next.;запустить серию связанных событий, где каждое вызывает последующее. the fallout = the unpleasant and unavoidable consequences of a situation or action.;неприятные и неизбежные последствия ситуации или действия. it's had legs = said of an event or story that has continued to develop, spread, or have consequences over time.;говорится о событии или истории, которые продолжали развиваться, распространяться или иметь последствия с течением времени. to send shockwaves through = to cause a sudden and widespread feeling of surprise, alarm, or disturbance.;вызвать внезапное и повсеместное чувство удивления, тревоги или потрясения. 104 20260326 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 28 = 0 active Making a compelling case vs arguing about an academic question By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 103 1 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Making a compelling case vs arguing about an academic question active 3 wip xml_multi_dd_row 22 20 left (formal register) providing sound arguments
(informal register) formal synonyms of 'academic question' informal synonyms of 'hypothetical matter' ]]> 1;2;3;4;5;6;7 8;9;10;11;12;13;14 15;16;17;18;19;20 21;22;23;24;25 to argue in favour of something with well-reasoned and convincing arguments to articulate a compelling argument for
to clearly and effectively express a set of reasons that make a strong case to marshal arguments in favour of
to systematically gather and present reasons to support a position to present a cogent case for
to put forward an argument that is clear, logical, and convincing to identify a weighty argument that sways opinions
to present a powerfully persuasive important argument that carries considerable influence, making it difficult to dismiss, much like a heavy object is hard to ignore to advance a convincing rationale for
to propose a underlying set of reasons that provides a persuasive justification to lobby strenuously for
to campaign vigorously and with determined effort to influence decision-makers in favour of something to bang the drum for
to campaign or argue loudly and publicly in favour of a cause or idea to big up
to talk enthusiastically about the merits of something, often to promote it to talk a good game
to speak convincingly about plans or intentions (sometimes with the implication the talk may exceed the action) to bang on about
to talk persistently and often tediously in support of something to wax lyrical about
to talk about something with great enthusiasm, passion, and poetic expression to go to bat for (someone/something)
to argue in support or defence of someone or something to put up a bloody good case
(very informal) to present a very strong, effective, and persuasive argument a matter of conjecture
a subject for inference or speculation based on incomplete information a notional scenario
a situation or concept considered in theory or as a mental construct, rather than as a concrete reality a contingent consideration
a factor or issue that is dependent on the occurrence of a future uncertain event a counterfactual analysis
an examination of what could have happened if a past event had occurred differently a postulated situation
a circumstance or condition that is suggested or assumed as a basis for reasoning a theoretical construct
a conceptual model or framework created to analyse and understand abstract ideas a moot point
a point or question that is debatable or no longer of any practical importance an armchair debate
a debate about a topic that is discussed in a speculative way by people without direct experience or practical responsibility a point of semantics
a question or argument that focuses on the precise meaning of words rather than the substantive issue a brain teaser
a puzzling question or problem designed to be challenging to solve, often for entertainment six of one and half a dozen of the other
a situation where the alternatives are essentially equivalent, making the choice between them a trivial or academic exercise ]]> formal expressions which mean 'to make a compelling case for' to advocate persuasively for;to argue in favour of something with well-reasoned and convincing arguments.;убедительно отстаивать что-либо с помощью хорошо обоснованных доводов. to articulate a compelling argument for;to clearly and effectively express a set of reasons that make a strong case.;чётко и эффективно изложить систему убедительных доводов в пользу чего-либо. to marshal arguments in favour of;to systematically gather and present reasons to support a position.;систематически собрать и представить доводы в поддержку позиции. to present a cogent case for;to put forward an argument that is clear, logical, and convincing.;изложить ясный, логичный и убедительный аргумент. to identify a weighty argument that sways opinions;to present a powerfully persuasive important argument that carries considerable influence, making it difficult to dismiss, much like a heavy object is hard to ignore;весомые аргументы to advance a convincing rationale for;to propose a underlying set of reasons that provides a persuasive justification.;предложить основополагающие доводы, дающие убедительное обоснование. to lobby strenuously for;to campaign vigorously and with determined effort to influence decision-makers in favour of something.;активно и решительно campaigningровать, чтобы повлиять на лиц, принимающих решения, в пользу чего-либо. informal expressions which mean 'to provide sound arguments for' to bang the drum for;to campaign or argue loudly and publicly in favour of a cause or idea.;активно и публично агитировать или продвигать какую-либо идею или дело. to big up;to talk enthusiastically about the merits of something, often to promote it.;с энтузиазмом расхваливать достоинства чего-либо, часто чтобы это продвинуть. to talk a good game;to speak convincingly about plans or intentions (sometimes with the implication the talk may exceed the action).;убедительно рассказывать о планах или намерениях (иногда с подтекстом, что слова могут быть лучше действий). to bang on about;to talk persistently and often tediously in support of something.;настойчиво и зачастую занудно твердить о чём-либо в попытке убедить. to wax lyrical about;to talk about something with great enthusiasm, passion, and poetic expression.;говорить о чём-либо с большим энтузиазмом, страстью и почти поэтическим выражением. to go to bat for (someone/something);to argue in support or defence of someone or something.;вступиться, привести аргументы в поддержку или защиту кого-либо или чего-либо. to put up a bloody good case;(very informal) to present a very strong, effective, and persuasive argument.;(очень неформально) представить очень сильный, эффективный и убедительный аргумент. formal expressions which mean 'academic question' a matter of conjecture;a subject for inference or speculation based on incomplete information.;предмет для умозаключений или спекуляций, основанных на неполной информации. a notional scenario;a situation or concept considered in theory or as a mental construct, rather than as a concrete reality.;ситуация или концепция, рассматриваемая в теории или как мысленная конструкция, а не как конкретная реальность. a contingent consideration;a factor or issue that is dependent on the occurrence of a future uncertain event.;фактор или вопрос, зависящий от наступления будущего неопределенного события. a counterfactual analysis;an examination of what could have happened if a past event had occurred differently.;изучение того, что могло бы произойти, если бы прошлое событие развивалось иначе. a postulated situation;a circumstance or condition that is suggested or assumed as a basis for reasoning.;обстоятельство или условие, которые предлагаются или предполагаются в качестве основы для рассуждений. a theoretical construct;a conceptual model or framework created to analyse and understand abstract ideas.;концептуальная модель или структура, созданная для анализа и понимания абстрактных идей. informal expressions which mean 'hypothetical matter' a moot point;a point or question that is debatable or no longer of any practical importance.;спорный вопрос или вопрос, который уже не имеет практического значения. an armchair debate;a debate about a topic that is discussed in a speculative way by people without direct experience or practical responsibility.;спор на тему, которую обсуждают умозрительно люди без прямого опыта или практической ответственности. a point of semantics;a question or argument that focuses on the precise meaning of words rather than the substantive issue.;вопрос или спор, сосредоточенный на точном значении слов, а не на сути проблемы. a brain teaser;a puzzling question or problem designed to be challenging to solve, often for entertainment.;замысловатый вопрос или задача, предназначенные для интеллектуального развлечения. six of one and half a dozen of the other;a situation where the alternatives are essentially equivalent, making the choice between them a trivial or academic exercise.;ситуация, в которой альтернативы по сути эквивалентны, что делает выбор между ними несущественным или чисто теоретическим упражнением. ]]> 102 to advocate persuasively for = to argue in favour of something with well-reasoned and convincing arguments.;убедительно отстаивать что-либо с помощью хорошо обоснованных доводов. to articulate a compelling argument for = to clearly and effectively express a set of reasons that make a strong case.;чётко и эффективно изложить систему убедительных доводов в пользу чего-либо. to marshal arguments in favour of = to systematically gather and present reasons to support a position.;систематически собрать и представить доводы в поддержку позиции. to present a cogent case for = to put forward an argument that is clear, logical, and convincing.;изложить ясный, логичный и убедительный аргумент. to identify a weighty argument that sways opinions = to present a powerfully persuasive important argument that carries considerable influence, making it difficult to dismiss, much like a heavy object is hard to ignore;весомые аргументы to advance a convincing rationale for = to propose a underlying set of reasons that provides a persuasive justification.;предложить основополагающие доводы, дающие убедительное обоснование. to lobby strenuously for = to campaign vigorously and with determined effort to influence decision-makers in favour of something.;активно и решительно campaigningровать, чтобы повлиять на лиц, принимающих решения, в пользу чего-либо. to bang the drum for = to campaign or argue loudly and publicly in favour of a cause or idea.;активно и публично агитировать или продвигать какую-либо идею или дело. to big up = to talk enthusiastically about the merits of something, often to promote it.;с энтузиазмом расхваливать достоинства чего-либо, часто чтобы это продвинуть. to talk a good game = to speak convincingly about plans or intentions (sometimes with the implication the talk may exceed the action).;убедительно рассказывать о планах или намерениях (иногда с подтекстом, что слова могут быть лучше действий). to bang on about = to talk persistently and often tediously in support of something.;настойчиво и зачастую занудно твердить о чём-либо в попытке убедить. to wax lyrical about = to talk about something with great enthusiasm, passion, and poetic expression.;говорить о чём-либо с большим энтузиазмом, страстью и почти поэтическим выражением. to go to bat for (someone/something) = to argue in support or defence of someone or something.;вступиться, привести аргументы в поддержку или защиту кого-либо или чего-либо. to put up a bloody good case = (very informal) to present a very strong, effective, and persuasive argument.;(очень неформально) представить очень сильный, эффективный и убедительный аргумент. a matter of conjecture = a subject for inference or speculation based on incomplete information.;предмет для умозаключений или спекуляций, основанных на неполной информации. a notional scenario = a situation or concept considered in theory or as a mental construct, rather than as a concrete reality.;ситуация или концепция, рассматриваемая в теории или как мысленная конструкция, а не как конкретная реальность. a contingent consideration = a factor or issue that is dependent on the occurrence of a future uncertain event.;фактор или вопрос, зависящий от наступления будущего неопределенного события. a counterfactual analysis = an examination of what could have happened if a past event had occurred differently.;изучение того, что могло бы произойти, если бы прошлое событие развивалось иначе. a postulated situation = a circumstance or condition that is suggested or assumed as a basis for reasoning.;обстоятельство или условие, которые предлагаются или предполагаются в качестве основы для рассуждений. a theoretical construct = a conceptual model or framework created to analyse and understand abstract ideas.;концептуальная модель или структура, созданная для анализа и понимания абстрактных идей. a moot point = a point or question that is debatable or no longer of any practical importance.;спорный вопрос или вопрос, который уже не имеет практического значения. an armchair debate = a debate about a topic that is discussed in a speculative way by people without direct experience or practical responsibility.;спор на тему, которую обсуждают умозрительно люди без прямого опыта или практической ответственности. a point of semantics = a question or argument that focuses on the precise meaning of words rather than the substantive issue.;вопрос или спор, сосредоточенный на точном значении слов, а не на сути проблемы. a brain teaser = a puzzling question or problem designed to be challenging to solve, often for entertainment.;замысловатый вопрос или задача, предназначенные для интеллектуального развлечения. six of one and half a dozen of the other = a situation where the alternatives are essentially equivalent, making the choice between them a trivial or academic exercise.;ситуация, в которой альтернативы по сути эквивалентны, что делает выбор между ними несущественным или чисто теоретическим упражнением. strenuously /s'trenyu:əsli:/ = needing great effort and energy; showing great energy and determination to bat = to strike with, or as if with a baseball bat cogent = (formal) strongly and clearly expressed in a way that influences what people believe 101 20260323 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 56 = 28 active Criticising arguments By the end of this session you will have studied Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 100 1 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Criticising arguments B2 active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row How do you question arguments you are confronted with? 43 18 left 1;2;3;4;5;6 7;8;9;10;11;12 open to discussion or argument, not certain or settled open to question
not definitely established and therefore subject to doubt or inquiry subject to dispute
capable of being challenged or called into question ambiguous
open to more than one interpretation, not having one obvious meaning politically sensitive
requiring careful handling because of potential controversy, especially within a political or organisational context not beyond all doubt
not established with absolute certainty, still leaving room for scepticism a bit sketchy
uncertain, unreliable, or lacking in detail, potentially dubious not on solid ground
based on an uncertain or shaky foundation, not reliable or assured on shaky ground
in a precarious or uncertain position, especially in an argument or plan a bit hit-and-miss
inconsistent in quality or outcome, sometimes successful, sometimes not a bit of a gamble
an undertaking with an uncertain outcome, a risk a grey area
a situation or topic not clearly defined, where rules or morality are unclear ]]> formal expressions which mean 'arguable' debatable;open to discussion or argument;not certain or settled.;открытый для обсуждения или спора;не определённый или не решённый. open to question;not definitely established and therefore subject to doubt or inquiry.;не окончательно установленный и, следовательно, подверженный сомнению или проверке. subject to dispute;capable of being challenged or called into question.;способный быть оспоренным или поставленным под сомнение. ambiguous;open to more than one interpretation;not having one obvious meaning.;допускающий более чем одно толкование;не имеющий одного очевидного значения. politically sensitive;requiring careful handling because of potential controversy, especially within a political or organisational context.;требующий осторожного обращения из-за потенциальных противоречий, особенно в политическом или организационном контексте. not beyond all doubt;not established with absolute certainty;still leaving room for scepticism.;не установленный с абсолютной уверенностью;всё ещё оставляющий место для скептицизма. informal expressions which mean 'iffy’ (arguable) a bit sketchy;uncertain, unreliable, or lacking in detail;potentially dubious.;неопределённый, ненадёжный или lacking in detail;потенциально сомнительный. not on solid ground;based on an uncertain or shaky foundation;not reliable or assured.;основанный на неуверенном или шатком фундаменте;ненадёжный или не гарантированный. on shaky ground;in a precarious or uncertain position, especially in an argument or plan.;в неустойчивом или неопределённом положении, особенно в споре или плане. a bit hit-and-miss;inconsistent in quality or outcome;sometimes successful, sometimes not.;непоследовательный в качестве или результате;иногда успешный, иногда нет. a bit of a gamble;an undertaking with an uncertain outcome;a risk.;затея с неопределённым исходом;риск. a grey area;a situation or topic not clearly defined, where rules or morality are unclear.;ситуация или тема, чётко не определённые, где правила или мораль неясны. ]]> 99 2 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Asserting obvious conclusions active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row How do you convey conclusions which are obvious in an assertive way? 43 18 left 1;2;3;4 5;6;7;8;9 an outcome that has been effectively decided or established in advance logical inevitability
a conclusion that is certain based on a sequence of reasoning or the nature of the circumstances self-evident result
an outcome that is obvious and requires no explanation or proof anticipated certainty
an event or outcome that is not only expected but regarded as sure to happen done deal
a result or decision that is already certain and cannot be changed sure thing
an outcome that is guaranteed or very likely to happen no-brainer
a decision or outcome that is so obvious it requires no thought It's on the cards
something that is very likely or destined to happen It's written in the stars
an outcome perceived as fated or inevitable ]]> formal expressions which mean 'predictable conclusion' a predetermined result;an outcome that has been effectively decided or established in advance.;исход, который был фактически предрешен или установлен заранее. a logical inevitability;a conclusion that is certain based on a sequence of reasoning or the nature of the circumstances.;вывод, который неизбежен, исходя из последовательности рассуждений или природы обстоятельств. a self-evident result;an outcome that is obvious and requires no explanation or proof.;результат, который является очевидным и не требует объяснений или доказательств. an anticipated certainty;an event or outcome that is not only expected but regarded as sure to happen.;событие или исход, которые не только ожидаемы, но и считаются неотвратимыми. informal expressions which mean 'predictable result' a done deal;a result or decision that is already certain and cannot be changed.;результат или решение, которые уже предрешены и не могут быть изменены. It's a sure thing;an outcome that is guaranteed or very likely to happen.;исход, который гарантирован или с очень высокой вероятностью произойдет. It's a no-brainer;a decision or outcome that is so obvious it requires no thought.;решение или исход, которые настолько очевидны, что не требуют размышлений. It's on the cards;something that is very likely or destined to happen.;то, что очень вероятно или предопределено случиться. It's written in the stars;an outcome perceived as fated or inevitable.;исход, воспринимаемый как предопределенный судьбой или неизбежный. ]]> 98 3 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png You are meeting to discuss the future strategy of your company. Recycle new expressions and language. You realise your products & services are not performing well, however you are optimistic the company will survive this difficult period. Make recommendations to improve the company's results. Our future is on shaky ground. The technologies we use are a bit of a gamble. Our goals are a bit hit-and-miss. We will get better one day, though, it's written in the stars! The company will increase its turnover, it's on the cards. Come on! Slashing jobs is just another bitter pill to swallow! You are concerned by the obstacles to the growth of your company. You are pessimistic about the outcome of recommendations proffered by your partner. This is subject to dispute... Deployment of AI is not beyond all doubt. Guidelines for AI in our industry are still a bit sketchy. Lack of best practice in this domain means usage is not predetermined. Redundancies due to AI shouldn't be an anticipated certainty. 97 bitter pill (to swallow a ~) = something that is very unpleasant but must be accepted precarious = (of a situation) not safe or certain; dangerous; likely to fall or cause sb to fall blatant /ˈbleɪtənt/ = (disapproving) (of actions that are considered bad) done in an obvious and open way without caring if people object or are shocked debatable = open to discussion or argument;not certain or settled.;открытый для обсуждения или спора;не определённый или не решённый. open to question = not definitely established and therefore subject to doubt or inquiry.;не окончательно установленный и, следовательно, подверженный сомнению или проверке. subject to dispute = capable of being challenged or called into question.;способный быть оспоренным или поставленным под сомнение. ambiguous = open to more than one interpretation;not having one obvious meaning.;допускающий более чем одно толкование;не имеющий одного очевидного значения. politically sensitive = requiring careful handling because of potential controversy, especially within a political or organisational context.;требующий осторожного обращения из-за потенциальных противоречий, особенно в политическом или организационном контексте. not beyond all doubt = not established with absolute certainty;still leaving room for scepticism.;не установленный с абсолютной уверенностью;всё ещё оставляющий место для скептицизма. a bit sketchy = uncertain, unreliable, or lacking in detail;potentially dubious.;неопределённый, ненадёжный или lacking in detail;потенциально сомнительный. not on solid ground = based on an uncertain or shaky foundation;not reliable or assured.;основанный на неуверенном или шатком фундаменте;ненадёжный или не гарантированный. on shaky ground = in a precarious or uncertain position, especially in an argument or plan.;в неустойчивом или неопределённом положении, особенно в споре или плане. a bit hit-and-miss = inconsistent in quality or outcome;sometimes successful, sometimes not.;непоследовательный в качестве или результате;иногда успешный, иногда нет. a bit of a gamble = an undertaking with an uncertain outcome;a risk.;затея с неопределённым исходом;риск. a grey area = a situation or topic not clearly defined, where rules or morality are unclear.;ситуация или тема, чётко не определённые, где правила или мораль неясны. a predetermined result = an outcome that has been effectively decided or established in advance.;исход, который был фактически предрешен или установлен заранее. a logical inevitability = a conclusion that is certain based on a sequence of reasoning or the nature of the circumstances.;вывод, который неизбежен, исходя из последовательности рассуждений или природы обстоятельств. a self-evident result = an outcome that is obvious and requires no explanation or proof.;результат, который является очевидным и не требует объяснений или доказательств. an anticipated certainty = an event or outcome that is not only expected but regarded as sure to happen.;событие или исход, которые не только ожидаемы, но и считаются неотвратимыми. a done deal = a result or decision that is already certain and cannot be changed.;результат или решение, которые уже предрешены и не могут быть изменены. It's a sure thing = an outcome that is guaranteed or very likely to happen.;исход, который гарантирован или с очень высокой вероятностью произойдет. It's a no-brainer = a decision or outcome that is so obvious it requires no thought.;решение или исход, которые настолько очевидны, что не требуют размышлений. It's on the cards = something that is very likely or destined to happen.;то, что очень вероятно или предопределено случиться. It's written in the stars = an outcome perceived as fated or inevitable.;исход, воспринимаемый как предопределенный судьбой или неизбежный. 96 20260320 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 84 = 56 active History in a box | Future seen from the past By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Speak Out Advanced Unit 8.1 History in a box pg 92 ex 1 B 2 A reading pg 92 93 Time capsule speak_out_advanced_students_book_pg92-3_141-2_time_capsule_future_seeen_from_the_past.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Speak Out C1 Unit 8.1 History in a box 95 History in a box active textbook Would you like to keep some objects for future generations? Why / why not? ✓ pass some message onto future generations ✓ leave some evidence of your values e.g. show you did care about the environment pg 92 ex 1 B 2 A reading pg 92 93 Time capsule Lexical material: Time expressions pg 92 ex 3 A B vocab pg 92 ex 3 C speaking ]]> 94 Future in the past active textbook pg 142 language bank Unit 8.1 - Future in the past (recommended reading) pg 93 ex 5 practice Unit 8.1 - Future in the past pg 143 ex 1 2 future in the past pg 93 ex 6 A B speaking ]]> 93 beggar = person who lives by asking people for money or food barbed wire = strong wire with short sharp points on it, used especially for fences hearing aid = small device that fits inside the ear and makes sounds louder, used by people who cannot hear well chillum = straight conical smoking pipe traditionally made of either clay or a soft stone (such as steatite or catlinite). It was used popularly in India in the eighteenth century and still often used to smoke marijuana CCTV = closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance, is the use of closed-circuit television cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors, e.g. in a bank flip-flops = type of light sandal-like shoe, typically worn as a form of casual footwear. They consist of a flat sole held loosely on the foot by a Y-shaped strap known as a toe thong that passes between the first and second toes and around both sides of the foot. This style of footwear has been worn by people of many cultures throughout the world, originating as early as the ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC lead /'led/ = lead is a soft, silvery white or greyish, malleable, ductile, dense metal that conducts electricity poorly (Pb) to seal = to close a container tightly or fill a crack, etc., especially so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get in or out to stipulate = to state clearly and firmly that sth must be done, or how it must be done hand-cuffs = pair of lockable linked metal rings for securing a prisoner's wrists at | from the outset (of sth) = at/from the beginning of sth 92 20260316 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -112 = +84 active Relocating to Germany By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Speak Out Advanced Unit 8.1 History in a box pg 92 ex 1 B 2 A reading pg 92 93 Time capsule speak_out_advanced_students_book_pg92-3_141-2_time_capsule_future_seeen_from_the_past.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 91 Practical step-by-step checklist for relocating a family of 4 (children age 8 and 5) to Berlin active textbook 90 Short list of well-known international schools in Berlin districts active textbook 89 88 20260227 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 25400 ↔ 280.4 20260225 -28 + -140 + 280 = +112 active History in a box By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. New Inside Out Advanced Future seen from the past pg 38 ex 3 4 grammar new_inside_out_advanced_students_book_pg37-38_future_seen_from_the_past.pdf smartphone or tablet device print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Speak Out Advanced Unit 8.1 History in a box pg 92 ex 1 B 2 A reading pg 92 93 Time capsule speak_out_advanced_students_book_pg92-3_141-2_time_capsule_future_seeen_from_the_past.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Speak Out C1 Unit 8.1 History in a box 87 History in a box active textbook Would you like to keep some objects for future generations? Why / why not? ✓ pass some message onto future generations ✓ leave some evidence of your values e.g. show you did care about the environment pg 92 ex 1 B 2 A reading pg 92 93 Time capsule Lexical material: Time expressions pg 92 ex 3 A B vocab pg 92 ex 3 C speaking ]]> 86 beggar = person who lives by asking people for money or food barbed wire = strong wire with short sharp points on it, used especially for fences hearing aid = small device that fits inside the ear and makes sounds louder, used by people who cannot hear well chillum = straight conical smoking pipe traditionally made of either clay or a soft stone (such as steatite or catlinite). It was used popularly in India in the eighteenth century and still often used to smoke marijuana CCTV = closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance, is the use of closed-circuit television cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors, e.g. in a bank flip-flops = type of light sandal-like shoe, typically worn as a form of casual footwear. They consist of a flat sole held loosely on the foot by a Y-shaped strap known as a toe thong that passes between the first and second toes and around both sides of the foot. This style of footwear has been worn by people of many cultures throughout the world, originating as early as the ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC lead /'led/ = lead is a soft, silvery white or greyish, malleable, ductile, dense metal that conducts electricity poorly (Pb) to seal = to close a container tightly or fill a crack, etc., especially so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get in or out to stipulate = to state clearly and firmly that sth must be done, or how it must be done hand-cuffs = pair of lockable linked metal rings for securing a prisoner's wrists at | from the outset (of sth) = at/from the beginning of sth 85 20260223 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -112 = -140 active Michael Jackson | Future seen from the past (2/2) Future seen from the past Criticising arguments By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. New Inside Out Advanced Future seen from the past pg 37 reading for gist Michael Jackson new_inside_out_advanced_students_book_pg37-38_future_seen_from_the_past.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> New Inside Out C1 84 Michael Jackson active textbook Do you know anyone who was very unlikely to become famous, but finally became a household name? ✓ some people such as Richard Branson or James Dyson were not expected to make successful careers in business pg 37 reading for gist Michael Jackson pg 36 ex 1 2 3 4 reading Lexical material: Fame & its disadvantages pg 37 glossary ]]> 83 to live up to = meet the requirements or expectations of to dog = to cause trouble over a long period sheer = used to emphasize the size, degree or amount of sth; complete and without restriction or qualification magnum opus = work of art, music or literature that people think is the best that the artist, etc. has ever produced staggering /'stægə:iŋ/ = extremely surprising mainstream = considered normal and accepted by most slick = impressive and seemingly without effort to transcend = to be or go beyond the usual limits of sth stringent = very strict and that must be obeyed relentless = not stopping or getting less strong prurient = having an unhealthy obsession with sexual matters Ferris wheel = fairground ride consisting of a tall revolving vertical wheel with passenger cars suspended on its outer edge merry-go-round = revolving machine with wooden horses or cars for riding on at a fair etc lurid = ghastly, very frightening and unpleasant, because it involves pain, death; very pale secretive /sɪˈkri:tɪv/ (about sth) = tending or liking to hide your thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. from other people reclusive = living alone and avoiding other people to ward off = to avert, turn away, repel germ = very small living thing that can cause infection and disease allegation (of sth) (against sb) | ~ (that ...) | ~ (about sb/sth) a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal contorted = twisted (especially as in pain or struggle) ominously /'ɔmənəsli:/ = suggesting that sth bad is going to happen in the future frail = physically weak and unhealthy erratic = (often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on; unpredictable pallor /ˈpælə/ = pale colouring of the face, especially because of illness or fear hype = extravagant or intensive publicity promotion; cheating; trick New Inside Out C1 82 Grammar: Future seen from the past active textbook When did you know you were to become who you are? ✓ were you to follow the steps of your parents? → run a family business ✓ would you take on the position of your father? Grammar: Future seen from the past pg 38 ex 1 grammar ]]> 81 20240913-1053 Future seen from the past (to be going to - to be about to - was|were|would + infinitive) B2 active grammar 80 20240913-1052 Future seen from the past (to be going to - to be about to - was|were|would + infinitive - would + have + past participle) B2/C1 active grammar 79 20240913-1051 Expressing broken plans (with register and completion) C1 active grammar 78 20200914-1759 Regrets, speculations and habits active grammar 77 20240913-1049 Future seen from the past that didn't happen - was|were + perfect infinitive - would + have + past participle) wip active grammar 76 20200311-1724 Future forms 3 active decks deck_of_phrases_future_in_the_past.csv 75 1 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png You are attending a meeting to review a strategy that failed. You need to look at what was scheduled, what was expected, and why it would fail. → recycle new expressions and language You are the team lead. You had agreed your team would implement a more costly solution if they couldn't deploy the cheaper, but more technologically complicated, solution. The more advanced solution was going to be cheaper to deploy. The team were to simplify the technological stack ← future seen from the past Our company would become more competitive ← future seen from the past Nobody thought it would prove to be too challenging. You are a C level manager. You are disappointed by decisions made by the former manager & express criticism. You must be diplomatic because you need your team lead to push your strategy from top to bottom. You were supposed to have implemented the more advanced solution long ago. You were to have cut costs! ← future seen from the past that didn't happen The company was to have become more competitive. The team should have tested the more advanced solution first. Couldn't you have carried thorough testing before going to production? We would have had a more reliable stack by now. 74 Practice with key: Future seen from the past active textbook key to exercise Mouse-over to view key: pg 38 ex 3 grammar a) to get b) to see c) to study d) of going e) of winning f) to buy g) of giving up h) to move house pg 38 ex 4 grammar (possible answers) a) I was planning to go to the concert... b) I was on the verge of buying a new laptop... c) I had been hoping to go to medical school... d) I was think of going to the party... e) I was just about to have supper... f) I was going to have my nose pierced... g) I was on the point of accepting the job... ]]> 73 to be on the verge of = to be about to + infinitive to trip over = to catch your foot on sth and fall or almost fall to fall through = not happen or be done; to flop, to fall flat 72 20260220 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -84 = -112 active Michael Jackson | Future seen from the past (1/2) Future seen from the past Criticising arguments By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. New Inside Out Advanced Future seen from the past pg 37 reading for gist Michael Jackson new_inside_out_advanced_students_book_pg37-38_future_seen_from_the_past.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> New Inside Out C1 71 Michael Jackson active textbook Do you know anyone who was very unlikely to become famous, but finally became a household name? ✓ some people such as Richard Branson or James Dyson were not expected to make successful careers in business pg 37 reading for gist Michael Jackson pg 36 ex 1 2 3 4 reading Lexical material: Fame & its disadvantages pg 37 glossary ]]> 70 to live up to = meet the requirements or expectations of to dog = to cause trouble over a long period sheer = used to emphasize the size, degree or amount of sth; complete and without restriction or qualification magnum opus = work of art, music or literature that people think is the best that the artist, etc. has ever produced staggering /'stægə:iŋ/ = extremely surprising mainstream = considered normal and accepted by most slick = impressive and seemingly without effort to transcend = to be or go beyond the usual limits of sth stringent = very strict and that must be obeyed relentless = not stopping or getting less strong prurient = having an unhealthy obsession with sexual matters Ferris wheel = fairground ride consisting of a tall revolving vertical wheel with passenger cars suspended on its outer edge merry-go-round = revolving machine with wooden horses or cars for riding on at a fair etc lurid = ghastly, very frightening and unpleasant, because it involves pain, death; very pale secretive /sɪˈkri:tɪv/ (about sth) = tending or liking to hide your thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. from other people reclusive = living alone and avoiding other people to ward off = to avert, turn away, repel germ = very small living thing that can cause infection and disease allegation (of sth) (against sb) | ~ (that ...) | ~ (about sb/sth) a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal contorted = twisted (especially as in pain or struggle) ominously /'ɔmənəsli:/ = suggesting that sth bad is going to happen in the future frail = physically weak and unhealthy erratic = (often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on; unpredictable pallor /ˈpælə/ = pale colouring of the face, especially because of illness or fear hype = extravagant or intensive publicity promotion; cheating; trick 69 20260216 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -56 = -84 active Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) Criticising arguments By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) pg 48 reading Brief intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Intelligent Business B1 Unit 5 Development 68 Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) active textbook Brief pg 48 task 1 2 pg 144 group A - consortium representatives pg 142 group B - Peruvian government representatives pg 138 group C - Amazon Watch pg 48 task 3 4 ]]> 67 3 SWOT analysis Preparing & delivering a SWOT analysis pix/icons8-lecturer-100_white.png active prep_2columns_2qa edit_2columns_2qa How will you conduct construction works for a pipeline across the Amazon Forest with endangering this unique eco-system? What guarantees can the consortium provide to ensure future FDI won't bring about social changes to the detriment of the local community? → use a SWOT analysis → add arguments under each category ]]> Strengths
• • •
Weaknesses
• • •
Opportunities
• • •
Threats
• • •
]]> Strengths
Consortium representatives & Peruvian governments • creation of new jobs • further economic development • tax income • international teams defending banks' investments would guarantee compliance and minimise bribery •
Weaknesses
Amazon Watch • social change with communities being replaced by outside workers • long term disruption of the region by other new industries (logging & agriculture) • little provision yet for monitoring how money is allocated on the ground • no credible exit strategy once the project has reached the end of its life cycle • hefty investment in natural gas has limited viability given today's green transition
Opportunities
Consortium representatives & Peruvian governments • improved standard of living for the local people (incl. health care) • transfer of technology & know-how • cheaper electricity supply •
Threats
Amazon Watch • local tribes might catch diseases brought in by outsiders • local fishing industry may be endangered by possible pollution • no guarantee loans granted will indeed be spent on infrastructure for the population • project could benefit only 1-2 generations but have a much longer-lasting impact on the environment •
Recommendations
Amazon Watch • include a strategy & financial provision for replanting trees into the compliance act • enhance the local population's working skills to be able to find jobs rather than recruit migrant labour • demand government intervention to regulate the share of logging and agriculture • conduct close scrutiny of all stakeholders to discourage embezzlement •
]]> 66 Case study - Feedback active What mistakes might have been made? textbook 〆poor quality control of work on the ground pg 48 decision pg 48 listening intelligent_business_the_economist_longman/intelligent_business_intermediate/intelligent_business_intermediate_audio_cd01/intelligent_business_intermediate_cd01_15.ogg T / Cl Feedback What mistakes have actually been made? 〆insufficient guidelines on construction procedures 〆lack of communication with local people 〆no evaluation of the impact on the local communities & environment What lessons are to be learnt? Amazon Rainforest = sensitive area ✓ not possible to proceed with such projects without respecting international guidelines ✓ ought to observe accepted international standards for construction & development in sensitive areas Who can be blamed for such mismanagement? What should be done about it? ✓ no single organisation can be held accountable → should take into account precise guidelines laid down by the World Bank (optional homework) pg 48 writing Write a report → outline key issues → recap stakeholders' views → make recommendations Paste your assignment in a Googledoc. (send the link to your google doc (in edit mode!) ]]> 65 consortium = group of people, countries, companies, etc. who are working together on a particular project GDP = gross domestic product foreign direct investment (FDI) = refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building). In other words, it is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business, in real estate or in productive assets such as factories in one country by an entity based in another country.[1] It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment or foreign indirect investment by a notion of direct control 64 big huge | significant amount of jobs Even if the project will exist exists | lasts (only) 20 years, it will benefit the country ]]> 20260213 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -28 = -56 active Showing cause & effect By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) pg 48 reading Brief intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Intelligent Business B1 Unit 5 Development 63 Showing cause & effect active textbook Would past technological revolutions always end in job losses? How differently will AI impact the labour market? Would past political decisions always have a long lasting impact on society? ✓ new jobs would be created in new domains 〆AI will replace humans in potential new work opportunities rather than sunset industries Functional language: Showing cause & effect pg 47 career skills pg 47 ex 2 listening intelligent_business_the_economist_longman/intelligent_business_intermediate/intelligent_business_intermediate_audio_cd01/intelligent_business_intermediate_cd01_14.ogg T / Cl It has always been expected developing countries would pay back their debt. If their debt were cancelled wouldn't it set a dangerous precedent? future seen from the past ✓ loans granted in dollars for investment would be a form of colonisation → aid given would be a tool to grow developed countries' sphere of influence 2nd conditional 〆cancelling debt could curb investment pg 47 speaking → practise modals of likelihood from pg 45 Functional language: Dealing with unclear situations pg 47 Culture at work ]]> 62 1 Dealing with unclear situations active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png How do you deal with unclear situations? Have you got fixed rules or do you tolerate unclear answers? ✓ avoid unclear situations when much is at stake ✓ tolerate vague solutions when more time available → answer the questions]]> How do you identify your interlocutor's expectations? ✓ ask targeted questions to agree on well-defined objectives 〆avoid vague, though possibly promising, topics when brainstorming What kind of questions (open or do you build to understand requests better? [Can | Could] you prepare a presentation for Monday 8am? Is this a polite request or a question? ]]> [Do you want to | Would you like to] intervene now? Is this a question or an invitation? ✓ Do you want to = question Would you like to = invitation (polite question) → also depends on intonation! What precautions can you take to avoid unclear situations? → use fixed expressions to explain your point of view ✓ Let's call a spade a spade ✓ Let's apply the KISS principle (keep it short & simple) ✓ Let's be a bit cunning / smarter ✓ Let's try to achieve a win-win outcome ✓ Let's just agree to disagree 61 to hold out = wait uncompromisingly for something desirable to call a spade a spade = call a person or thing a name that is true but not polite; speak bluntly; use the plainest language KISS principle = keep it short & simple cunning = marked by skill in deception, showing inventiveness and skill 60 (about) how many much money do you have ]]> 20260209 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 0 = -28 active Describing past & present habits Understanding rituals Rituals By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. New Inside Out Upper Intermediate Unit 6 Rituals - present & past habits pg 46 ex 2 reading pg 47 Mind games pg 46 ex 2 vocab new_inside_out_upper_intermediate_students_book_pg46-49-137_rituals_will_would_used_to_habits_in_the_present_and_past_pg48_audioscript.pdf (postponed to next lesson) smartphone or tablet device print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) pg 48 reading Brief intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> New Inside Out B2 Unit 6 Rituals 59 1 Lead in active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png How effective are rituals at boosting your self-confidence? Have you got any particular habits or rituals? ✓ wearing your favourite shirt before a job interview ✓ double checking if the iron is unplugged is quite rife Do rituals derive from a lack of confidence? ✓ superstition ✓ self-confidence can be an upper hand ✓ just a means to remain calm to derive = to come from upper hand (to have the ~) = advantage Have you ever felt cursed at work? 〆noticed some particular omen e.g. deadlines postponed for the 3rd consecutive time 〆failed all KPIs 〆all your projects were cancelled 〆deadlines were impossible to meet ≠ just bad luck?... cursed = suffering from a bad magic spell omen = occurrence or object regarded as portending good or evil 58 Mind games active textbook Have you got any habit or ritual before giving a presentation or taking an exam? ✓ rehearse over and again the day before ✓ put a charm in a pocket (...) pg 46 ex 1 2 reading pg 47 Mind games Lexical material: Rituals pg 46 ex 1 2 vocab pg 48 ex 1 2 speaking → describe present habits ]]> 57 Grammar: 'Used to' vs 'Would' to describe expected actions & habits in the past active What did you in the past that you don't do now? textbook ✓ I used to go the gym everyday ✓ I would go in the morning (...) Grammar: 'Used to' vs 'Would' to describe expected actions & habits in the past ]]> 56 20260209-0944 20210519-0926 Be / Get used to active grammar 55 Grammar: Would to describe expected actions & habits in the past, will to describe habits & predictions in the present active textbook What will you do now that you didn't in the past? ✓ I used to go the gym everyday ✓ I would go in the morning ✓ nowadays I'll go only at weekends (...) ]]> 54 Personal rituals active textbook Do you know anyone who has particular habits? Where do they come from? ✓ elder people often have their own rituals ✓ housewives often still wash eggs or oranges before consumption pg 48 ex 1 2 listening & vocab inside_out/new_inside_out_upper_intermediate/new_inside_out_upper_intermediate_audio_cd02/new_inside_out_upper_intermediate_audio_cd02_01.ogg Lexical material: Expressions with 'go' pg 48 ex 1 2 vocab set for homework pg 49 ex 1 2 Grammar - present & past habits ]]> 53 20200522-1227 Past habits (used to vs would) active grammar 52 Mindmap: Used to - would - will active textbook used to - would - will mindmap smartphone or tablet device print Download onto your tablet or print & illustrate the following mindmap in your own way (use colours, symbols, etc) http://www.ictnle.com/mindmaps/used_to_would_will_mindmap.pdf ]]> 51 20210520-1357 Practice: Used to, would, will for past and present habits active review grammar_used_to_would_will_past_and_present_habits_b2_03.csv 50 obsessive compulsive = who feels compelled to do certain things; anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviours to stride = to walk with confidence to derive = to come from to thrash = to beat v easily relentless = not stopping or getting less strong; refusing to give up or be less strict or severe upper hand (to have the ~) = advantage loopy = crazy, mad, foolish curse = bad magic spell jinx = force that brings bad luck rife = common, widespread omen = occurrence or object regarded as portending good or evil urge = strong desire to slam = to close violently cosy = enjoying or affording comforting warmth and shelter especially in a small space to indulge (oneself) into = take pleasure freely; побаловать себя to be fond of = to like very much, to be keen on repulsive = causing a feeling of strong dislike; very unpleasant attached ~ (to sb/sth) = full of affection for sb/sth to have a go at sth = to give sth a try to have a go on sth = to have a ride on sth to give sth a go = to try sth for the first time to make a go of sth = to succeed in doing sth; to turn into a success on the go = very busy or active to set out = to leave, depart 49 20260205 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 28 = 0 active Soviet vs European strategies of investment in colonies By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. New Inside Out Upper Intermediate Unit 6 Rituals - present & past habits pg 46 ex 2 reading pg 47 Mind games pg 46 ex 2 vocab new_inside_out_upper_intermediate_students_book_pg46-49-137_rituals_will_would_used_to_habits_in_the_present_and_past_pg48_audioscript.pdf (postponed to next lesson) smartphone or tablet device print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development Dilemma: Striking a balance (Camisea) pg 48 reading Brief intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 48 active textbook 47 1 Lead in active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png 46 45 reduct lay off some people in Germany I think I get am getting used to conversations in English I see it by in | through my colleagues ]]> 20260202 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 56 = 28 active Future for assumptions By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development pg 45 ex 1 practice pg 46 ex 2 grammar The future of the world's natural energy resources intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Intelligent Business B1 Unit 5 Development 44 Grammar: Modal verbs of likelihood active textbook pg 45 ex 1 practice ]]> 43 20210403-1917 Future simple vs future perfect for assumption of a past event active grammar 42 20260202-0943 20200403-1247 'Will' for predictions & assumptions active grammar 41 Grammar: future for assumption of a past event active textbook The future of the world's natural energy resources pg 46 ex 1 2 speaking → practise modals of likelihood from pg 45 ]]> 40 to hold out = wait uncompromisingly for something desirable to call a spade a spade = call a person or thing a name that is true but not polite; speak bluntly; use the plainest language KISS principle = keep it short & simple cunning = marked by skill in deception, showing inventiveness and skill consortium = group of people, countries, companies, etc. who are working together on a particular project GDP = gross domestic product foreign direct investment (FDI) = refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building). In other words, it is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business, in real estate or in productive assets such as factories in one country by an entity based in another country.[1] It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment or foreign indirect investment by a notion of direct control 39 20260130 09:00-10:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 84 = 56 active Verbs of likelihood By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Intelligent Business B1 Unit 5 Development 38 Grammar: Word form active textbook What fuels poverty? ✓ unemployment ✓ lack of education ✓ war pg 44 ex 1 2 vocab 1 pg 44 ex 3 vocab Lexical material: Development & the environment pg 44 ex 1 vocab 2 ]]> 37 20230919-1138 Modal verbs of likelihood active grammar 36 1 Modal verbs active decks deck_of_phrases_modal_verbs_b202.csv 35 20230130-1907 Practice: Modal verbs (B2 - 02) active review 33 deforestation = act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area MEDC = more economically developed country LEDC = less economically developed country p.a = per annum, per year GDP = gross domestic product disastrous = catastrophic to halve = divide into two halves or parts to argue = to exchange views or opinions, especially heatedly or contentiously sustainable = which can be maintained without endangering future generations to deplete = to reduce in numbers or quantity, to empty to endanger = to threaten facilities = equipment, or the resources for doing something to oppose = to set oneself against, resist, argue against species /'spi:ʃi:z/ = (n - pl the same) class of things having some common characteristics logging /ˈlɔɡɪŋ/ = work of cutting down trees for timber watchdog = person or group of people whose job is to check that companies are not doing anything illegal or ignoring people's rights precaution (against sth) = something that is done in advance in order to prevent problems or to avoid danger upstream = supply of items for production downstream = supply of finished products to consumers to campaign = an organized course of action for a particular purpose, esp. to arouse public interest to fuel = to increase sth; to make sth stronger; to make a bad situation worse to loan = to lend sth to sb, especially money 32 20260126 08:30-09:30 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 112 = 84 active Prosperity or preservation By the end of this session you will have studied print Download onto your tablet or print the following pdf for our next lesson. Intelligent Business Intermediate Unit 5 Development pg 42 ex 1 2 reading pg 43 Gas for Peru vs green imperialism intelligent_business_intermediate_students_book_pg41-48_142_138_144_unit5_development_prosperity_or_preservation_gas_for_peru_dilemma_camisea.pdf grammar review - tbc ✓ conditionals ✓ negative adverbials ✓ subjunctive zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> Intelligent Business B1 Unit 5 Development 31 Prosperity or preservation? active textbook Do you believe what you do on a daily basis can change the environment? ✓ contribute to reducing carbon footprint perhaps only on a small scale ✓ have a rather questionable impact on climate change → are your efforts worthwhile? → try at least to set a good example, especially for developing economies = not to repeat mistakes made by developed economies since the industrial revolution Does prosperity take place at the cost of preservation? e.g. deforestation ✓ industrial revolution ✓ boom of consumer society 〆plans taking into account sustainability are relatively recent → expect nowadays to make leaps to skip some stages e.g. early adoption of electric vehicles instead of purchasing traditional combustion engine cars for only 10-15 years pg 41 keynotes Prosperity or preservation? T / Cl Will standards of living change as a result of people's endangered health & depletion of natural resources? ✓ standards will change, though not necessarily to the worse → NGOs & government should support & invest in alternative economic development projects Lexical material: Economic development pg 42 preview → discuss ]]> 30 Gas for Peru vs green imperialism active Is sustainable economic development the result of government intervention in market regulation, or does it also depend on compliance with international agreements? textbook → depends on ✓ international pressure ✓ watchdogs e.g. Amazon Watch ✓ role on the international, political scene ✓ political will ✓ GDP ✓ poverty reduction ✓ preservation of the environment (...) pg 42 ex 1 listening intelligent_business_the_economist_longman/intelligent_business_intermediate/intelligent_business_intermediate_audio_cd01/intelligent_business_intermediate_cd01_13.ogg T / Cl What stakeholders are more likely to be in favour of and against a development project in the rainforest? ✓ government of a LEDC (less economically developed country) could be teased by development projects ✓ international banks may expect substantial return on investment pg 42 ex 1 reading for gist pg 43 Gas for Peru vs green imperialism pg 42 ex 2 3 reading for detail T / Cl If the project could go ahead without loans, why are they so important? ✓ banks granting loans will demand compliance with international laws → minimise risks of bribes or embezzlement by local government players = ensure local population receive their share per terms agreed upon in loan contracts pg 42 speaking ]]> 29 20230914-1102 Pronunciation of verb & noun active grammar ✓ 2nd syllable = verb Which syllable do you stress in the noun form 'a contract'? ✓ 1st syllable = noun Which syllable do you stress in the verb form 'to process'? ✓ 1st syllable Which syllable do you stress in the noun form 'a process'? ✓ 1st syllable → to process / a process (both have a stress on 1st syllable) = exception Which is a verb, which is a noun: /'ɛstɪmɛɪt/ and /ˈestɪmɪt/? ✓ to estimate /'ɛstɪmɛɪt/ ✓ an estimate /ˈestɪmɪt/ = exception What syllable is stressed if there are 3 syllables? ✓ 1st syllable e.g. government /'gəvə:mənt/ /'gəvə:nmənt/ ✓ 2nd syllable e.g. pollution /pə'lu:ʃən/ What syllable is stressed in the noun 'component'? ✓ 2nd syllable /kəmˈpəunənt/ = exception ]]> 28 Grammar: Word form active textbook What fuels poverty? ✓ unemployment ✓ lack of education ✓ war pg 44 ex 1 2 vocab 1 pg 44 ex 3 vocab Lexical material: Development & the environment pg 44 ex 1 vocab 2 ]]> 27 20230919-1138 Modal verbs of likelihood active grammar 26 1 Modal verbs active decks deck_of_phrases_modal_verbs_b202.csv 25 20230130-1907 active review 23 deforestation = act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area MEDC = more economically developed country LEDC = less economically developed country p.a = per annum, per year GDP = gross domestic product disastrous = catastrophic to halve = divide into two halves or parts to argue = to exchange views or opinions, especially heatedly or contentiously sustainable = which can be maintained without endangering future generations to deplete = to reduce in numbers or quantity, to empty to endanger = to threaten facilities = equipment, or the resources for doing something to oppose = to set oneself against, resist, argue against species /'spi:ʃi:z/ = (n - pl the same) class of things having some common characteristics logging /ˈlɔɡɪŋ/ = work of cutting down trees for timber watchdog = person or group of people whose job is to check that companies are not doing anything illegal or ignoring people's rights precaution (against sth) = something that is done in advance in order to prevent problems or to avoid danger upstream = supply of items for production downstream = supply of finished products to consumers to campaign = an organized course of action for a particular purpose, esp. to arouse public interest to fuel = to increase sth; to make sth stronger; to make a bad situation worse to loan = to lend sth to sb, especially money 22 digging exploiting natural resources I even don't hadn't thought of that ]]> 20260123 18:15-19:15 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 168 = 112 active US-led world order is breaking By the end of this session you will have studied https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTvFnC-oFGw zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 21 US-led world order is breaking active 1 textbook https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTvFnC-oFGw Middle Powers Can Lead: Mark Carney’s Bold Davos Vision After US Decline DRM News provides live coverage from Davos as Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney delivers a special address at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2026. The speech outlines Canada's strategy for navigating the emerging world order, attracting investment, diversifying trade, and fostering pragmatic international partnerships amid current geopolitical and economic pressures. Join for real-time delivery, key messages, and analysis of implications for global cooperation and Canada's role (...)is submitted to no limits, no constraints. On the other hand, I would like to uh tell you that the other countries, especially intermediate powers like Canada, are not powerless. They have the capacity to build a new order that encompasses our values such as respect for human rights, sustainable development, solidarity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the various states. The power of the less power starts with honesty. It seems that every day we're reminded that we live in an era of great power rivalry, that the rules-based order is fading, that the strong can do what they can and the weak must suffer what they must. And this apherism of Thusidities is presented as inevitable, as the natural logic of international relations reasserting itself. And faced with this logic, there is a strong tendency for countries to go along to get along, to accommodate, to avoid trouble, to hope that compliance will buy safety. Well, it won't. So, what are our options? In 1978, the Czech dissident Vaslav Havl, later president, wrote an essay called the power of the powerless. And in it, he asked a simple question. How did the communist system sustain itself? And his answer began with a green grosser. Every morning, this shopkeeper places a sign in his window, workers of the world unite. He doesn't believe it. No one does. But he places the sign anyway to avoid trouble, to signal compliance, to get along. And because every shopkeeper on every street does the same, the system persists, not through violence alone, but through the participation of ordinary people in rituals they privately know to be false. Havl called this living within a lie. The system's power comes not from its truth, but from everyone's willingness to perform as if it were true. And its fragility comes from the same source. When even one person stops performing, when the green grosser removes his sign, the illusion begins to crack. Friends, it is time for companies and countries to take their signs down. For decades, for decades, countries like Canada prospered under what we called the rules-based international order. We joined its institutions. We praised its principles. We benefited from its predictability. And because of that, we could pursue values-based foreign policies under its protection. We knew the story of the international rulesbased order was partially false. That the strongest would exempt themselves when convenient. That trade rules were enforced s asymmetrically. And we knew that international law applied with varying rigor depending on the identity of the accused or the victim. This fiction was useful and American hegemony in particular helped provide public goods, open sea lanes, a stable financial system, collective security and support for frameworks for resolving disputes. So we placed the sign in the window. We participated in the rituals and we largely avoided calling out the gaps between rhetoric and reality. This bargain no longer works. Let me be direct. We are in the midst of a rupture, not a transition. Over the past two decades, a series of crises in finance, health, energy, and geopolitics have laid bare the risks of extreme global integration. But more recently, great powers have begun using economic integration as weapons. Tariffs as leverage, financial infrastructure as coercion, supply chains as vulnerabilities to be exploited. You cannot live within the lie of mutual benefit through integration. When integration becomes the source of your subordination, the multilateral institutions on which the middle powers have relied, the WTO, the UN, the COP, the architecture, the very architecture of collective problem solving are under threat. And as a result, many countries are drawing the same conclusions that they must develop greater strategic autonomy in energy, food, critical minerals, in finance and supply chains. And this impulse is understandable. A country that can't feed itself, fuel itself, or defend itself has few options. When the rules no longer protect you, you must protect yourself. But let's be cleareyed about where this leads. A world of fortresses will be poorer, more fragile, and less sustainable. And there's another truth. If great powers abandon even the pretense of rules and values for the unhindered pursuit of their power and interests, the gains from transactionalism will become harder to replicate. Hegeons cannot continually monetize their relationships. Allies will diversify to hedge against uncertainty. They'll buy insurance, increase options in order to rebuild sovereignty. Sovereignty that was once grounded in rules, but will increasingly be anchored in the ability to withstand pressure. This room knows this is classic risk management. Risk management comes at a price. But that cost of strategic autonomy of sovereignty can also be shared. Collective investments in resilience are cheaper than everyone building their own fortresses. Shared standards reduce fragmentations. Complimentarities are positive sum. And the question for middle powers like Canada is not whether to adapt to the new reality. We must. The question is whether we adapt by simply building higher walls or whether we can do something more ambitious. Now Canada was amongst the first to hear the wakeup call leading us to fundamentally shift our strategic posture. Canadians know that our old comfortable assumptions that our geography and alliance memberships automatically conferred prosperity and security. That assumption is no longer valid. And our new approach rests on what Alexander Stub, the president of Finland, has termed valuebased realism. Or to put another way, we aim to be both principled and pragmatic. Principled in our commitment to fundamental values, sovereignty, territorial integrity, the prohibition of the use of force except when consistent with the UN charter and respect for human rights. and pragmatic in recognizing that progress is often incremental, that interests diverge, that not every partner will share all of our values. So, we're engaging broadly, strategically with open eyes. We actively take on the world as it is, not wait around for a world we wish to be. We are calibrating our relationships so their depth reflects our values. And we're prioritizing broad engagement to maximize our influence given and given the fluidity of the world at the moment, the risks that this poses and the stakes for what comes next. And we are no longer just relying on the strength of our values, but also the value of our strength. We are building that strength at home. Since my government took office, we have cut taxes on incomes, on capital gains and business investment. We have removed all federal barriers to interprovincial trade. We are fast-tracking a trillion dollars of investments in energy, AI, critical minerals, new trade corridors, and beyond. We're doubling our defense spending by the end of this decade, and we're doing so in ways that build our domestic industries. And we are rapidly diversifying abroad. We've agreed a comprehensive strategic partnership with the EU, including joining SAFE, the European defense procurement arrangements. We have signed 12 other trade and security deals on four continents in six months. In the past few days, we've concluded new strategic partnerships with China and Qatar. We're negotiating free trade packs with India, ASEAN, Thailand, Philippines, and Merkasur. We're doing something else. To help solve global problems, we're pursuing variable geometry. In other words, different coalitions for different issues based on common values and interests. So on Ukraine, we're a core member of the coalition of the willing and one of the largest per capita contributors to its defense and security. on Arctic's sovereignty. We stand firmly with Greenland and Denmark and fully support their unique right to determine Greenland's future. Our commitment to NATO's Article 5 is unwavering. So, we're working with our NATO allies, including the Nordic Baltic Gate, to further secure the alliance's northern and western flanks, including through Canada's unprecedented investments in over the horizon radar, in submarines, in aircraft, and boots on the ground, boots on the ice. Canada strongly opposes tariffs over Greenland and calls for focused talks to achieve our shared objectives of security and prosperity in the Arctic. On plurilateral trade, we're championing efforts to build a bridge between the Trans-Pacific Partnership in the European Union, which would create a new trading block of 1.5 billion people. On critical minerals, we're forming buyers clubs anchored in the G7 so that the world can diversify away from concentrated supply. And on AI, we're cooperating with like-minded democracies to ensure that we won't ultimately be forced to choose between hegeimons and hyperscalers. This is not naive multilateralism, nor is it relying on their institutions. It's building coalitions that work issues by issue with partners who share enough common ground to act together. In some cases, this will be the vast majority of nations. What it's doing is creating a dense web of connections across trade investment culture on which we can draw for future challenges and opportunities. argue that middle powers must act together because if we're not at the table, we're on the menu. But I'd also say that great powers great powers can afford for now to go it alone. They have the market size, the military capacity, and the leverage to dictate terms. Middle powers do not. But when we only negotiate bilaterally with a hedgeimon, we negotiate from weakness. We accept what's offered. We compete with each other to be the most accommodating. This is not sovereignty. It's the performance of sovereignty while accepting subordination. In a world of great power rivalry, the countries in between have a choice. Compete with each other for favor or to combine to create a third path with impact. We shouldn't allow the rise of hard power to blind us to the fact that the power of legitimacy, integrity, and rules will remain strong if we choose to wield them together, which brings me back to Hav. What does it mean for middle powers to live the truth? Well, first, it means naming reality. Stop invoking rules-based international order as though it still functions as advertised. Call it what it is, a system of intensifying great power rivalry where the most powerful pursue their interests using economic integration as coercion. It means acting consistently, applying the same standards to allies and rivals. When middle powers criticize economic intimidation from one direction but stay silent when it comes from another, we are keeping the sign in the window. It means building what we claim to believe in rather than waiting for the old order to be restored. It means creating institutions and agreements that function as described. And it means reducing the leverage that enables coercion. That's building a strong domestic economy. should be every government's immediate priority. And diversification internationally is not just economic prudence. It's a material foundation for honest foreign policy because countries earn the right to principled stands by reducing their vulnerability to retaliation. So Canada has what the world wants. We are an energy superpower. We hold vast reserves of critical minerals. We have the most educated population in the world. Our pension funds are amongst the world's largest and most sophisticated investors. In other words, we have capital, talent. We also have a government with immense fiscal capacity to act decisively. And we have the values to which many others aspire. Canada is a pluralistic society that works. Our public square is loud, diverse, and free. Canadians remain committed to sustainability. We are a stable and reliable partner in a world that is anything but. A partner that builds and values relationships for the long term. And we have something else. We have a recognition of what's happening and a determination to act accordingly. We understand that this rupture calls for more than adaptation. It calls for honesty about the world as it is. We are taking the sign out of the window. We know the old order is not coming back. We shouldn't mourn it. Nostalgia is not a strategy. But we believe that from the fracture, we can build something bigger, better, stronger, more just. This is the task of the middle powers, the countries that have the most to lose from a world of fortresses and a most to gain from genuine cooperation. The powerful have their power, but we have something too. The capacity to stop pretending, to name reality, to build our strength at home, and to act together. That is Canada's path. We choose it openly and confidently, and it is a path wide open to any country willing to take it with us. Thank you very much. ]]> 20 19 bricks and mortar, the more profitable it is Until some time ago recently they were completely unprofitable at all ]]> 20260119 10:00-11:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 168 = 140 active Shift from globalisation to regional self-sufficiency, impact of islamification By the end of this session you will have studied Possible individual practice Goals: improve active listening, note-taking, oral delivery Stages: ✓ watch a YouTube video → focus on 10-12min max at a time (e.g. per day) ✓ take notes → look up new expressions ✓ summarise orally the contents → record yourself on video (max 3-4min long) ✓ analyse your performance → rehearse areas which could be improved e.g. try adding a touch of humour or sarcasm to the original meaning Repeat the process trying different registers (e.g. informal, neutral, professorial...) → if possible, share a link to some of your video recordings zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 18 Regional self-sufficiency, global village, islamification active 1 textbook 17 regional self-sufficiency = ability of a specific geographic area to meet its fundamental needs, like food, energy, and water, using mainly its own internal resources, reducing reliance on distant supply chains for greater resilience, economic stability, and community involvement. It's about shortening the distance between production and consumption, making communities more capable of adapting to disruptions, and fostering local economic and ecological health, often involving local food systems, renewable energy, and circular economies global village = idea that electronic media and technology connect people worldwide, shrinking the world into a single community, coined by Marshall McLuhan; it also describes the popular Dubai attraction, a massive cultural park showcasing world cultures through pavilions, shopping, dining, and entertainment. The concept highlights instant communication and shared experiences, while the Dubai venue embodies this through diverse country representations islamification = process of making something or someone Islamic, involving the adoption of Islamic faith, culture, values, or institutions, often resulting in a society becoming more Muslim or adopting Islamic laws/practices, but the term carries complex connotations, sometimes seen as a natural cultural shift and other times as a negative, imposed political agenda global village = 16 matters cares about that ... that's sth I'm familiar of with ]]> 20260117 10:00-11:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 196 = 168 active What is a civilised society? (2/2) By the end of this session you will have studied Possible individual practice Goals: improve active listening, note-taking, oral delivery Stages: ✓ watch a YouTube video → focus on 10-12min max at a time (e.g. per day) ✓ take notes → look up new expressions ✓ summarise orally the contents → record yourself on video (max 3-4min long) ✓ analyse your performance → rehearse areas which could be improved e.g. try adding a touch of humour or sarcasm to the original meaning Repeat the process trying different registers (e.g. informal, neutral, professorial...) → if possible, share a link to some of your video recordings zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 15 1 What is a civilised country? active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Should we achieve welfare and social equality by taxing the wealthiest, or guarantee security & consumerism at the cost of soft authoritarianism? In many countries, business and investment income are taxed at lower rates than labour income. As investment income constitutes a larger share of household income at the higher end of the income and wealth distribution, a progressive labour income tax schedule does not necessarily translate to a progressive tax system overall. (...) Many opponents of taxing the rich more also support the view that, as their tax burden is lowered, the rich will work harder, invest more, create more jobs, and generate wealth for the greater good of the society: that their wealth will ‘trickle down’. 〆false - no evidence Taxing the rich (more) Open Access İrem Güçeri , Joel Slemrod Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 39, Issue 3, Autumn 2023, Pages 399–405, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grad033 Published: 18 August 2023 Taxing the rich (more) Answer the questions.]]> What is a civilised society? ✓ values respect for individual rights and freedoms ✓ promotes equality and justice for all ✓ prioritises education and healthcare access for everyone ✓ celebrates and embraces cultural diversity ✓ sustainable practices ensure environmental responsibility ✓ open dialogue and civic engagement encourage participation ✓ global cooperation and understanding strengthen relations civilised society = community promoting human rights, equality, and respect to maintain order How is a progressive taxation rate politically motivated? ✓ imposes higher rates on the wealthy ✓ aims to reduce income inequality and fund public services ✓ political ideologies influence tax policies based on social justice ✓ voter demographics shape taxation preferences and decisions ✓ political parties advocate for tax changes to gain support ✓ public opinion can affect the implementation of tax reforms progressive taxation = tax system where higher income levels incur higher tax rates Are taxes in Europe effective enough to maintain some social contentment? ✓ taxes fund essential services like healthcare and education ✓ high taxation rates can lead to public discontent if mismanaged ✓ social welfare programmes aim to reduce poverty and inequality ✓ balancing tax burdens ensures fair contribution from all citizens ✓ citizens generally expect quality services in return for taxes ✓ effective allocation of funds is crucial for social satisfaction social contentment = sense of satisfaction and happiness within a community regarding welfare Is there a societal trend in global shopping but not global sharing? ✓ global shopping culture emphasises consumerism and brand loyalty ✓ online shopping offers convenience and access to diverse products ✓ financial capabilities drive purchasing behaviours and trends ✓ social media promotes individualism over collective resource sharing ✓ community-based sharing initiatives often receive less attention ✓ economic disparities can hinder sharing economy growth global sharing = cooperative distribution and use of resources among communities worldwide Are current generations keen on a more hedonistic lifestyle than their elders (e.g. kidult)? ✓ current generations often prioritise personal pleasure and experiences ✓ kidult culture reflects a desire to blend adolescence with adulthood ✓ social media influences lifestyles and expectations around enjoyment ✓ economic growth allows for more disposable income and leisure activities ✓ previous generations tended to focus on stability and responsibility ✓ trends indicate a shift towards valuing fun over material success hedonistic lifestyle = way of living that seeks pleasure and enjoyment as primary goals Should we achieve welfare and social equality by taxing the wealthiest, or guarantee security & consumerism at the cost of soft authoritarianism? ✓ taxing the wealthiest can promote welfare and social programmes ✓ inequality can reduce democratic participation and social mobility ✓ security and consumerism may lead to loss of personal freedoms ✓ balancing individual rights with societal needs remains complex ✓ soft authoritarianism often justifies control for perceived stability ✓ a fair taxation system can enhance social cohesion and trust social equality = state of equal access to resources and opportunities among all societal members What is arguably safer: invest in a stronger police & secure infrastructure or help people out of poverty? ✓ help people out of poverty ! migrants who are not included into the local community won't endorse a social obligation → provide education to understand the expectations of a societal contract ✓ all layers of society should appreciate their moral role to add value to society in general → invest in inclusive education to promote divergent opinions & tolerance ✓ rethink how much immigration local populations may absorb → ensure hosting populations remain tolerant despite migrants' frequent unwillingness to make concessions with their deprived origins → encourage a mutual exchange doesn't occur at the cost anyone's cultural integrity 14 progressive taxation = tax system where higher income levels incur higher tax rates social contentment = sense of satisfaction and happiness within a community regarding welfare hedonistic lifestyle = way of living that seeks pleasure and enjoyment as primary goals grey collars = roles that blend elements of both blue-collar (manual labour) and white-collar (office/professional) work, requiring specialized technical skills, practical experience, and often certifications or vocational training rather than just a four-year degree, with examples including nurses, IT technicians, firefighters, and skilled tradespeople like electricians. These "middle-skilled" jobs involve a mix of physical and intellectual tasks and bridge the gap between manual trades and traditional office roles, often offering high value and security. 13 20260115 08:30-09:30 MSK 1.5 28 280 20260113 -28 + -56 +280 = 196 active Describing side effects By the end of this session you will have studied Possible individual practice Goals: improve active listening, note-taking, oral delivery Stages: ✓ watch a YouTube video → focus on 10-12min max at a time (e.g. per day) ✓ take notes → look up new expressions ✓ summarise orally the contents → record yourself on video (max 3-4min long) ✓ analyse your performance → rehearse areas which could be improved e.g. try adding a touch of humour or sarcasm to the original meaning Repeat the process trying different registers (e.g. informal, neutral, professorial...) → if possible, share a link to some of your video recordings zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 12 1 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Describing side effects active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row Are you able to embrace all side effects of your decision-making? 40 18 left 1;2;3 4;5;6;7;8 a cumulative series of consequences where each event triggers the next, often with increasing impact multiplier effect
an effect where an initial change leads to a disproportionately larger final impact on a system systemic repercussions
effects that reverberate throughout an entire system, altering its overall state or function knock-on effect
the indirect and cumulative result of an initial event, where one thing leads to another domino effect
a situation where one event sets off a chain of similar events, like a line of falling dominoes snowball effect
a process that starts slowly but grows in size, speed, or importance as it continues wave of
a sudden, widespread occurrence of a particular phenomenon or reaction aftershocks of
the continuing, less powerful consequences felt after a major event ]]> formal expressions which mean 'side effect' a cascading effect;a cumulative series of consequences where each event triggers the next, often with increasing impact.;кумулятивная серия последствий, где каждое событие запускает следующее, часто с возрастающим воздействием. a multiplier effect;an effect where an initial change leads to a disproportionately larger final impact on a system.;эффект, при котором первоначальное изменение приводит к непропорционально большему конечному воздействию на систему. systemic repercussions;effects that reverberate throughout an entire system, altering its overall state or function.;эффекты, которые отражаются на всей системе, изменяя её общее состояние или функцию. informal expressions which mean 'ripple effect' knock-on effect;the indirect and cumulative result of an initial event, where one thing leads to another.;косвенный и накапливающийся результат первоначального события, когда одно ведёт к другому. domino effect;a situation where one event sets off a chain of similar events, like a line of falling dominoes.;ситуация, в которой одно событие запускает цепь подобных событий, как падающие костяшки домино. a snowball effect;a process that starts slowly but grows in size, speed, or importance as it continues.;процесс, который начинается медленно, но нарастает в размере, скорости или важности по мере развития. a wave of;a sudden, widespread occurrence of a particular phenomenon or reaction.;внезапное, широкое распространение определенного явления или реакции. the aftershocks;the continuing, less powerful consequences felt after a major event.;продолжающиеся, менее мощные последствия, ощущаемые после крупного события. ]]> 11 2 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png You are struggling to deploy a controversial operation plan. Convince a key business partner that your solution won't have negative effects on their services. Recycle new expressions and language. You are confident your solution will have limited systemic repercussions. Don't worry! We aren't expecting anything but some ripple effects since... (robust defence) The aftershocks won't impact our stakeholders downstream because... (irrefutable evidence) You're making a big play of this when really it's just... (scale) You believe such solution will have a multiplier effect. I'm afraid I must disagree: this would have a significant snowball effect on... This is not an academic question! The domino effect will last for... 10 a cascading effect = a cumulative series of consequences where each event triggers the next, often with increasing impact.;кумулятивная серия последствий, где каждое событие запускает следующее, часто с возрастающим воздействием. a multiplier effect = an effect where an initial change leads to a disproportionately larger final impact on a system.;эффект, при котором первоначальное изменение приводит к непропорционально большему конечному воздействию на систему. systemic repercussions = effects that reverberate throughout an entire system, altering its overall state or function.;эффекты, которые отражаются на всей системе, изменяя её общее состояние или функцию. knock-on effect = the indirect and cumulative result of an initial event, where one thing leads to another.;косвенный и накапливающийся результат первоначального события, когда одно ведёт к другому. domino effect = a situation where one event sets off a chain of similar events, like a line of falling dominoes.;ситуация, в которой одно событие запускает цепь подобных событий, как падающие костяшки домино. a snowball effect = a process that starts slowly but grows in size, speed, or importance as it continues.;процесс, который начинается медленно, но нарастает в размере, скорости или важности по мере развития. a wave of = a sudden, widespread occurrence of a particular phenomenon or reaction.;внезапное, широкое распространение определенного явления или реакции. the aftershocks = the continuing, less powerful consequences felt after a major event.;продолжающиеся, менее мощные последствия, ощущаемые после крупного события. ripple = small wave on the surface of a liquid, especially water in a lake, etc; thing that looks or moves like a small wave; sound that gradually becomes louder and then quieter again; feeling that gradually spreads through a person or group of people 9 of with That times In those days we didn't have Google translator ]]> eloquence /ˈeləukwəns/ 20260112 08:30-09:30 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + -28 = -56 active Making a compelling case By the end of this session you will have studied Possible individual practice Goals: improve active listening, note-taking, oral delivery Stages: ✓ watch a YouTube video → focus on 10-12min max at a time (e.g. per day) ✓ take notes → look up new expressions ✓ summarise orally the contents → record yourself on video (max 3-4min long) ✓ analyse your performance → rehearse areas which could be improved e.g. try adding a touch of humour or sarcasm to the original meaning Repeat the process trying different registers (e.g. informal, neutral, professorial...) → if possible, share a link to some of your video recordings zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> C1 Pitches & negotiations 8 1 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Expressions making a compelling case for sth active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row Are you able to articulate your narrative in a convincing way? 40 18 left 1;2;3;4;5 6;7;8 to formally and convincingly propose or recommend a course of action to provide irrefutable evidence
to give proof which is impossible to deny or disprove to set out a powerful justification for
to explain the reasons for something in a way that definitively shows it to be right or reasonable to furnish a robust defence of
to provide a strong and resilient set of arguments in support of something, often against criticism to build a formidable case for
to construct an argument of such strength and quality that it is impressive and difficult to oppose to sell (someone) on (something)
to convince someone of the value or appeal of an idea or plan to make a big play of
to emphasise something strongly as a central and important part of an argument to do a hard sell
to use forceful, direct, and persistent techniques to advocate for something ]]> formal expressions which mean 'to make a compelling case for' to make a persuasive submission for;to formally and convincingly propose or recommend a course of action.;формально и убедительно предложить или рекомендовать курс действий. to provide irrefutable evidence;to give proof which is impossible to deny or disprove;неопровержимый to set out a powerful justification for;to explain the reasons for something in a way that definitively shows it to be right or reasonable.;объяснить причины чего-либо таким образом, чтобы окончательно показать его правильность или обоснованность. to furnish a robust defence of;to provide a strong and resilient set of arguments in support of something, often against criticism.;представить сильную и устойчивую систему аргументов в защиту чего-либо, часто от критики. to build a formidable case for;to construct an argument of such strength and quality that it is impressive and difficult to oppose.;построить настолько сильный и качественный аргумент, что он производит впечатление и его трудно оспорить. informal expressions which mean 'to provide sound arguments for' to sell (someone) on (something);to convince someone of the value or appeal of an idea or plan.;убедить кого-либо в ценности или привлекательности идеи или плана. to make a big play of;to emphasise something strongly as a central and important part of an argument.;сильно акцентировать что-либо как центральную и важную часть аргумента. to do a hard sell;to use forceful, direct, and persistent techniques to advocate for something.;использовать напористые, прямые и настойчивые методы, чтобы что-либо продвинуть. ]]> 7 2 pix/icons8-dictionary-100_white.png Expressions questioning the practical value of an argument active wip 3 xml_multi_dd_row How often do find reasons supporting a decision are just too theoretical to be worth taking into account? 17 10 left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 formal expression which means 'academic question' issue considered in a theoretical way, divorced from specific instances or practical application
formal expression which means 'academic question' task or discussion undertaken to explore an idea or theory, rather than to achieve a practical outcome
formal expression which means 'academic question' point or question considered in abstract terms, separate from practical considerations
formal expression which means 'academic question'
informal expression which means 'hypothetical matter' hypothetical scenario considered to explore the logical consequences of a principle or idea, not a real situation
topic or question that is not clearly defined, where rules or answers are uncertain or open to interpretation
informal expression which means 'hypothetical matter' speculative consideration of what might happen if a certain condition were met
informal expression which means 'hypothetical matter' ]]> formal expressions which mean 'academic question' a speculative proposition;a statement or theory put forward for consideration that is based on conjecture rather than firm evidence.;утверждение или теория, выдвинутые на рассмотрение, основанные на предположениях, а не на твердых доказательствах. an abstract question;an issue considered in a theoretical way, divorced from specific instances or practical application.;вопрос, рассматриваемый теоретически, в отрыве от конкретных случаев или практического применения. a conceptual exercise;a task or discussion undertaken to explore an idea or theory, rather than to achieve a practical outcome.;задача или обсуждение, предпринятые для исследования идеи или теории, а не для достижения практического результата. informal expressions which mean 'hypothetical matter' a theoretical point;a point or question considered in abstract terms, separate from practical considerations.;вопрос, рассматриваемый в абстрактных терминах, в отрыве от практических соображений. a thought experiment;a hypothetical scenario considered to explore the logical consequences of a principle or idea, not a real situation.;гипотетический сценарий, рассматриваемый для изучения логических следствий принципа или идеи, а не реальная ситуация. a bit of a grey area;a topic or question that is not clearly defined, where rules or answers are uncertain or open to interpretation.;тема или вопрос, которые чётко не определены, где правила или ответы неясны или открыты для толкования. a "what-if" scenario;a speculative consideration of what might happen if a certain condition were met.;умозрительное рассмотрение того, что могло бы произойти, если бы было выполнено определённое условие. ]]> 6 3 Role play active role_play pix/icons8-theatre-mask-100_white.png The legacy architecture of your service is monolith, the current trend is to migrate to micro services and frameworks. You disagree with your partner. Try to make a compelling case in favour of your approach. Recycle new expressions and language.]]> You are a senior manager and confident in your skills. You believe the reasons supporting the proposal by your new team member are just too theoretical to be worth taking into account. Use more informal language. I'm afraid this is a bit of a grey area I can't buy that! You really need to do a better hard sell... Aren't you making a big play of the advantages of your solution? Come on! We're not here to consider some thought experiment! Be more practical... You are a new recruit keen on making a good, first impression. Be polite, use more formal language. I'd like to furnish a robust defence of... I may provide irrefutable evidence that this is more than just an academic question. In this what-if scenario, you must acknowledge that... Of course, this isn't a silver bullet but... 5 to make a persuasive submission for = to formally and convincingly propose or recommend a course of action.;формально и убедительно предложить или рекомендовать курс действий. to provide irrefutable evidence = to give proof which is impossible to deny or disprove;неопровержимый to set out a powerful justification for = to explain the reasons for something in a way that definitively shows it to be right or reasonable.;объяснить причины чего-либо таким образом, чтобы окончательно показать его правильность или обоснованность. to furnish a robust defence of = to provide a strong and resilient set of arguments in support of something, often against criticism.;представить сильную и устойчивую систему аргументов в защиту чего-либо, часто от критики. to build a formidable case for = to construct an argument of such strength and quality that it is impressive and difficult to oppose.;построить настолько сильный и качественный аргумент, что он производит впечатление и его трудно оспорить. to sell (someone) on (something) = to convince someone of the value or appeal of an idea or plan.;убедить кого-либо в ценности или привлекательности идеи или плана. to make a big play of = to emphasise something strongly as a central and important part of an argument.;сильно акцентировать что-либо как центральную и важную часть аргумента. to do a hard sell = to use forceful, direct, and persistent techniques to advocate for something.;использовать напористые, прямые и настойчивые методы, чтобы что-либо продвинуть. formidable /ˈfɔ:mɪdəbl/ = inspiring fear or dread. 2 inspiring respect or awe. 3 likely to be hard to overcome, resist, or deal with to furnish = to put furniture in a house, room, etc; ~ sb/sth with sth | ~ sth (formal) to supply or provide sb/sth with sth; to supply sth to sb robust /rəuˈbʌst/ = strong; able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break; sturdy; (of a system or an organization) strong and not likely to fail or become weak; strong and full of determination; showing that you are sure about what you are doing or saying irrefutable = (formal) that cannot be proved wrong and that must therefore be accepted 4 During that time In those days I used to live next to the Moscow Everybody wants to have nuclear power in nowadays ]]> 20260110 10:00-11:00 MSK 1.5 28 -28 + 0 = -28 active European leaders appear torn in face of new world order after Venezuela attack By the end of this session you will have studied Possible individual practice Goals: improve active listening, note-taking, oral delivery Stages: ✓ watch a YouTube video → focus on 10-12min max at a time (e.g. per day) ✓ take notes → look up new expressions ✓ summarise orally the contents → record yourself on video (max 3-4min long) ✓ analyse your performance → rehearse areas which could be improved e.g. try adding a touch of humour or sarcasm to the original meaning Repeat the process trying different registers (e.g. informal, neutral, professorial...) → if possible, share a link to some of your video recordings European leaders appear torn in face of new world order after Venezuela attack Patrick Wintour, Diplomatic editor The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/04/venezuela-european-leaders-divided-and-torn-in-response-to-us-ousting-of-maduro Read the article. → answer the questions zoom_meeting.png Zoom meeting details Meeting ID: 736 3734 5149 Passcode: VhP32d https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73637345149?pwd=9XbxDC1Zm8liOLa6Q1HQRtaqnUaYQS.1 ]]> 3 1 European leaders appear torn in face of new world order after Venezuela attack active edit_ol_qa pix/icons8-collaboration-100_white.png Does Trump's operation to capture Maduro violate the principle of non-use of force that underpins international law? European leaders emerged divided and torn as they tried to welcome the ejection of Venezuela’s authoritarian president, but still uphold the principles of international law that did not appear to allow Donald Trump to seize Nicolás Maduro, let alone declare that the US will run Venezuela and control its oil industry. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/04/venezuela-european-leaders-divided-and-torn-in-response-to-us-ousting-of-maduro Read the article. → answer the questions]]> Operation against Venezuela was justified on the grounds of self-defence (...) the government was involved in drug-trafficking. US officials ]]> The idea that because drugs are coming from a country justifies an invasion and a change of administration in that country gets rid of any kind of limits on the use of force. The US action was a breach of international law unlike any before. Oona Hathaway, professor of international law, Yale → no plausible justification under the UN charter for the US use of force ]]> Do you agree that the end of Maduro's regime offers new hope for Venezuela, regardless of the cost? Nicolás Maduro presided over a brutal and repressive dictatorship that brought about unimaginable suffering on the Venezuelan people. The end of his regime offers new hope for the country. (...) this is not the time to comment on the legality of the recent actions. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, prime minister of Greece one of the 10 non-permanent countries on the UN security council ]]> The EU has repeatedly stated that Maduro lacks legitimacy, and has defended a peaceful transition. Under all circumstances, the principles of international law and the UN charter must be respected. We call for restraint Kaja Kallas, EU foreign affairs chief ]]> 〆had not recognised Maduro as the legitimate leader of Venezuela since what were widely regarded as fraudulent elections in June 2024 → does not enjoy sovereign immunity as a head of state 〆condemned American ways & and means of kidnapping Maduro ✓ acknowledged results = muffled criticism to muffle = to make a sound quieter or less clear; ~ sb/sth (up) (in sth) to wrap or cover sb/sth in order to keep them/it warm Why would criticism from European leaders be muffled? ✓ muffled for fear of attracting Trump’s displeasure → his support for Ukraine is still considered vital The end of the “Maduro dictatorship” was something the Venezuelan people could only rejoice in. ]]> ✓ most likely true = circumspect reaction to rejoice (at / in / over sth) = (formal) to express great happiness about sth; to celebrate circumspect = thinking very carefully about sth before doing it, because there may be risks involved; cautious What could be the consequences of such deeds on world equilibrium? repeated violations of this principle by nations entrusted with the primary responsibility as permanent members of the United Nations security council will have heavy consequences for world security, sparing no one Jean-Noël Barrot, French foreign minister Those who advocate for international law may now find themselves appealing to a vanishing world order in which Venezuela is the latest burial in an already crowded graveyard Patrick Wintour Diplomatic editor, The Guardian ]]> equilibrium = state of balance, especially between opposing forces or influences How is the world order likely to change? Trump’s actions cement a new system in which the naked self-interest of two or three “great powers” dominates. In this world order, Washington and Beijing will decide on the basis that might is right Patrick Wintour Diplomatic editor, The Guardian ]]> advocates of multilateralism and international courts may also need to reflect on their own failures, according to Nizar El Fakih , a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council?]]> Multilateralism did not deliver a single effective negotiation process leading to an orderly, peaceful and negotiated transition, despite years of appeals by millions of Venezuelans who voted, protested and exhausted every available civic mechanism at enormous personal cost. The international criminal court, with an investigation open since 2021, has yet to issue a single indictment, despite extensive documentation of crimes against humanity by the United Nations fact-finding mission on Venezuela, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and hundreds of victims Nizar El Fakih , a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council ]]> 2 to muffle = to make a sound quieter or less clear; ~ sb/sth (up) (in sth) to wrap or cover sb/sth in order to keep them/it warm to rejoice (at / in / over sth) = (formal) to express great happiness about sth; to celebrate circumspect = thinking very carefully about sth before doing it, because there may be risks involved; cautious equilibrium = state of balance, especially between opposing forces or influences 1 Despite of Unlike in Moscow, nobody cleans the snow here There are 3-bounded country teams 3 countries and one team per country I will have less fewer cancellations ]]>