to dismiss to officially remove sb from their job to be laid off to be dismissed, usually for economic reasons to be made redundant to be no longer needed at work and therefore unemployed blunt (of a person or remark) very direct | saying exactly what you think without trying to be polite to unveil to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time lump sum amount of money that is paid at one time and not on separate occasions garden leave practice whereby an employee leaving a job – having resigned or otherwise had their employment terminated – is instructed to stay away from work during the notice period, while still remaining on the payroll. This practice is often used to prevent an employee from taking with them up-to-date (and perhaps sensitive) information when they leave their current employer, especially when they are very likely leaving to join a competitor resilience ability of people or things to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant, such as shock, injury, etc dire very serious | (informal) bad ghosting | simmering | icing practice of suddenly ending all communication and avoiding contact with another person without any apparent warning or explanation and ignoring any subsequent attempts to communicate shambolic lacking order or organization, disorganised auto-rejection application rules based on an applicant's answer to a question, so that they will automatically be rejected as a potential candidate back-stabbing action of criticizing someone in a treacherous manner despite pretending friendship with them horizontal scaling refers to adding additional nodes vertical scaling describes adding more power to your current machines. For instance, if your server requires more processing power, vertical scaling would mean upgrading the CPUs. You can also vertically scale the memory, storage, or network speed red organizations organisations characterized by authoritarian structures and control through fear amber organizations organisations structured around rigid hierarchies and top-down command orange organizations organisations operating on meritocratic principles, emphasizing competition and performance green organizations organisations focusing on consensus and stakeholder values, often emphasizing culture and empowerment teal organisations (greenish-blue colour) organisations where management is based on worker autonomy and peer relationships self-management according the theory of Teal organizations, this replaces traditional hierarchy with a system where employees manage themselves and collaborate on decisions, distributing authority more evenly wholeness according the theory of Teal organizations, this encourages employees to integrate their personal and professional identities, fostering a work environment that prioritizes emotional well-being and authenticity evolutionary purpose according the theory of Teal organizations, this means organisations are living entities that adapt and evolve naturally, guided by their own sense of direction rather than rigid strategic plans or profit motives turquoise company organization which does not have a classic hierarchical structure, with a CEO at the head and other department managers below him. It is a system based on a flat structure with self-management, not power and positions Teal companies organisations which are characterized by power decentralization, self-discipline, natural hierarchies, and a high degree of employee responsibility. The concept of a Teal organization was created by Frederic Laloux, a former McKinsey and Company executive, and introduced in his book “Reinventing Organizations”. rigid (often disapproving) (of rules, methods, etc.) very strict and difficult to change | (of a person) not willing to change their ideas or behaviour | (of an object or substance) stiff and difficult to move or bend to thrive to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc ghosting | simmering | icing practice of suddenly ending all communication and avoiding contact with another person without any apparent warning or explanation and ignoring any subsequent attempts to communicate shambolic lacking order or organization, disorganised auto-rejection application rules based on an applicant's answer to a question, so that they will automatically be rejected as a potential candidate forthcoming going to happen, be published, etc. very soon to quibble about / over sth to argue or complain about a small matter or an unimportant detail wiggle room ability to make small changes in a plan, schedule, etc., if they are needed room for manoeuvre chance to change the way that sth happens and influence decisions that are made equity any of three separate but related values: 1. the money value of a property or of an interest in a property in excess of claims or liens against it | 2. a risk interest or ownership right in property | 3. the common stock of a corporation haggling ~ (with sb) (over sth) arguing with sb in order to reach an agreement, especially about the price of sth bargain thing bought for less than the usual price | (with sb) an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do sth for each other to defer to delay sth until a later time | to postpone to stall ~ (on / over sth) to try to avoid doing sth or answering a question so that you have more time | to make sb wait so that you have more time to do sth to probe (into sth) to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about sb/sth | to touch, examine or look for sth, especially with a long thin instrument ghosting | simmering | icing practice of suddenly ending all communication and avoiding contact with another person without any apparent warning or explanation and ignoring any subsequent attempts to communicate shambolic lacking order or organization, disorganised auto-rejection application rules based on an applicant's answer to a question, so that they will automatically be rejected as a potential candidate back-stabbing action of criticizing someone in a treacherous manner despite pretending friendship with them forthcoming going to happen, be published, etc. very soon to quibble about / over sth to argue or complain about a small matter or an unimportant detail wiggle room ability to make small changes in a plan, schedule, etc., if they are needed room for manoeuvre chance to change the way that sth happens and influence decisions that are made equity any of three separate but related values: 1. the money value of a property or of an interest in a property in excess of claims or liens against it | 2. a risk interest or ownership right in property | 3. the common stock of a corporation haggling ~ (with sb) (over sth) arguing with sb in order to reach an agreement, especially about the price of sth bargain thing bought for less than the usual price | (with sb) an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do sth for each other to defer to delay sth until a later time | to postpone to stall ~ (on / over sth) to try to avoid doing sth or answering a question so that you have more time | to make sb wait so that you have more time to do sth to probe (into sth) to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about sb/sth | to touch, examine or look for sth, especially with a long thin instrument realm /relm/ area of activity, interest, or knowledge flair natural ability to do sth well | quality showing the ability to do things in an interesting and imaginative way to swoon to faint | to feel very excited, emotional, etc. about sb that you think is sexually attractive, so that you almost lose consciousness to craft to make by hand and with much skill deep dive in-depth examination or analysis of a topic cavern cave, especially a large one to play in the big leagues to work, compete, or participate in an area, echelon, or sphere of exceptional success, ability, power, achievement, etc dare brave enough to do sth to peek into to look at sth quickly and secretly because you should not be looking at it to juggle to try to deal with two or more important jobs or activities at the same time so that you can fit all of them into your life | to organize information, figures, the money you spend, etc. in the most useful or effective way to dazzle to blind temporarily or confuse the sight of by an excess of light | to impress or overpower (a person) with knowledge, ability, or any brilliant display or prospect finesse great skill in dealing with people or situations, especially in a delicate way | to deal with sth in a way that is clever but slightly dishonest fierce (especially of people or animals) angry and aggressive in a way that is frightening | (especially of actions or emotions) showing strong feelings or a lot of activity, often in a way that is violent trench long deep hole dug in the ground in which soldiers can be protected from enemy attacks to lead the charge to be one of the first to do something and leading others to do it too coveted greatly desired to tease to harass someone playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule) | to provoke someone with persistent annoyances to whet the appetite to increase desire for or interest in sth to elicit to draw forth (what is latent) | to get information or a reaction from sb, often with difficulty aside remark, often made in a low voice, which is not intended to be heard by everyone present giveaway something that makes you guess the real truth about sth/sb Minto Pyramid Principle (aka the McKinsey’s Pyramid Principle) tool used to process and structure large amounts of information to convey a story, message or presentation without omitting important details. The principle of the McKinsey Pyramid is to cut to the chase in written texts or presentations. This ensures that the audience’s attention is captured and that a riveting story can be created that’s easy to remember and understand (src: https://www.toolshero.com/communication-skills/minto-pyramid-principle/) to slip up to make a mistake | to make a small mistake, often as a result of not thinking carefully slip-up mistake or something that goes wrong | mistake that someone makes by not giving something enough attention to swoon to faint | to feel very excited, emotional, etc. about sb that you think is sexually attractive, so that you almost lose consciousness to tease to laugh at sb and make jokes about them either in a friendly way or in order to annoy or embarrass them narcissistic /ˌnɑː.sɪˈsɪs.tɪk/ having too much interest in and admiration for yourself hard-wired automatically thinking or behaving in a particular way purposeful /ˈpə:pəsful/ having or indicating purpose, intentional aversive making someone feel a strong dislike for something, or making them not want to do it generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ able to produce or create something | ~ AI: use or study of artificial intelligences that are able to produce text, images, etc integrative /ˈɪn.tə.ɡrə.tɪv/ combining two or more things in order to make them more effective immersive /ɪˈmɜː.sɪv/ seeming to surround the audience, player, etc. so that they feel completely involved in something kindling small dry pieces of wood to instil sth (in / into sb) to gradually make sb feel, think or behave in a particular way over a period of time to tease to laugh at sb and make jokes about them either in a friendly way or in order to annoy or embarrass them narcissistic /ˌnɑː.sɪˈsɪs.tɪk/ having too much interest in and admiration for yourself hard-wired automatically thinking or behaving in a particular way purposeful /ˈpə:pəsful/ having or indicating purpose, intentional aversive making someone feel a strong dislike for something, or making them not want to do it generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ able to produce or create something | ~ AI: use or study of artificial intelligences that are able to produce text, images, etc integrative /ˈɪn.tə.ɡrə.tɪv/ combining two or more things in order to make them more effective immersive /ɪˈmɜː.sɪv/ seeming to surround the audience, player, etc. so that they feel completely involved in something kindling small dry pieces of wood to instil sth (in / into sb) to gradually make sb feel, think or behave in a particular way over a period of time windbag person who talks too much, and does not say anything important or interesting playbook set of rules, suggestions, or methods that are considered to be suitable for a particular activity, industry, job, etc Minto Pyramid effective communication tool to quickly and clearly communicate complex issues to busy business executives. Developed in 1987 by Barbara Minto, a McKinsey consultant, and is used not only by McKinsey but by most top consulting firms high-context culture and low-context culture ends of a continuum of how explicit the messages exchanged in a culture are and how important the context is in communication. The continuum pictures how people communicate with others through their range of communication abilities: utilizing gestures, relations, body language, verbal messages, or non-verbal messages. Typically refer to language groups, nationalities, or regional communities. However, the concept may also apply to corporations, professions, and other cultural groups, as well as to settings such as online and offline communication. autocracy system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat. It includes most forms of monarchy and dictatorship, while it is contrasted with democracy and feudalism. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to a single individual, or they may also apply autocracy to a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of civil liberties within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an anocracy subtle (often approving) not very noticeable or obvious, using indirect methods, in order to achieve sth contemplative /kən'templətiv/ thinking quietly and seriously about sth | meditative, reflective contemplative thinking quietly and seriously about sth implicit suggested without being directly expressed | forming part of sth (although perhaps not directly expressed) explicit (of a statement or piece of writing) clear and easy to understand ingrained (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change emissary /ˈemɪsərɪ/ person who is sent to deliver an official message, especially from one country to another, or to perform a special task to resort to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution embedded (of feelings) felt very strongly and difficult to change to lookout to watch carefully for sb/sth in order to avoid danger, etc. or in order to find sth you want pressing needing to be dealt with immediately | urgent startled excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement to connote to suggest a feeling, an idea, etc. as well as the main meaning role model person that you admire and try to copy to stem to come from, to originate feudal /ˈfju:dl/ connected to the social system in medieval Europe whereby a vassal held land from a superior in exchange for allegiance and service morbid having or expressing a strong interest in sad or unpleasant things, especially disease or death memorable special, good or unusual and therefore worth remembering or easy to remember to convey to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb | to communicate sanitation equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste to differ to be different Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory created in 1980 by Dutch management researcher Geert Hofstede who carried out an extensive survey during the 1960s and 1970s, investigating variations in values within different sectors of IBM, a global computer manufacturing company power distance strength of social hierarchy | has been defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society. All societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others (https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc pg 8) masculinity-femininity task-orientation versus person-orientation IDV (individualism-collectivism) measures the extent to which people look out for each other as a team or look out for themselves as an individual | In individualistic cultures, people choose their affiliations voluntarily | in collectivistic cultures, they are imposed on them: people cannot escape obligations to their lineage UAI (uncertainty avoidance index) indicates to what extent nations avoid the unknown | is not the same as risk avoidance: it deals with a society's tolerance for ambiguity. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict behavioural codes, laws and rules, disapproval of deviant opinions, and a belief in absolute Truth | 'there can only be one Truth and we have it' (https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc pg 10) LTO (long-term orientation) expresses how societies either prioritize traditions or seek for the modern in their dealings with the present and the future IVR (indulgence vs restraint) comparison between a country's willingness to wait for long-term benefits by holding off on instant gratification, or preferences to no restraints on enjoying life at the present frugality prudence in avoiding waste perseverance quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim in spite of difficulties indulgence (usually disapproving) the state or act of having or doing whatever you want | the state of allowing sb to have or do whatever they want | something that you allow yourself to have even though it is not essential gratification state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied | sth that gives you pleasure Carpe diem Latin aphorism, usually translated "seize the day", "pluck the day [as it is ripe]", that is 'Enjoy the moment' naturalisation proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship hot potato problem, situation, etc. that is difficult and unpleasant to deal with manageability /ˌmæn.ɪ.dʒə.ˈbɪl.ə.ti/ quality of being easy or possible to deal with to secure a job offer XXXXX to scrutinise to examine something very carefully in order to discover information tenure /ˈten.jər/ period of time during which someone is in an important job or position | length of time an employee has worked for their employer | length of time an employee has worked for their employer FAANG acronym for five of the best-performing tech-centric stocks of the past decade: Facebook (now Meta Platforms), Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Google (now Alphabet) overheated market overheating is when the economy reaches the limits of its capacity to meet all of the demand from individuals, firms and government. One element of this is the concept of "full employment", which occurs when almost everyone who wants to work has a job. When this happens, there is very little available slack empathy ability to understand another person's feelings, experience, etc empathy ability to understand another person's feelings, experience, etc purchasing power money that people have available to buy goods with to bond with to develop or create a relationship of trust and affection with sb empathy ability to understand another person's feelings, experience, etc empathy ability to understand another person's feelings, experience, etc to be brought up with a sliver spoon having a wealthy or privileged background born and bred used to say that someone was born and grew up in a particular place, and has the typical character of someone who lives there versatility having a wide variety of skills eagerness positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something overriding more important than anything else in a particular situation giveaway something that makes you guess the real truth about sth/sb | демаскирующий признак to probe (into sth) to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about sb/sth | to touch, examine or look for sth, especially with a long thin instrument to tie up loose ends to finish | to complete to probe (into sth) to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about sb/sth to get a foot in the door to have a chance to do something that could lead to further opportunities. price conscious aware of how much things cost and thus avoiding buying expensive items | looking for value for money to eavesdrop to listen secretly to what other people are saying ingratiation psychological technique in which an individual attempts to influence another person by becoming more likeable to their target | усилия, предпринимаемые человеком с целью понравиться другим людям. Совершенно очевидно, что если вам нужно чего-либо добиться от окружающих, то быстрее всего результаты будут достигнуты, если вы сможете сделать так, чтобы по отношению к вам испытывали теплые чувства to elicit to get information or a reaction from sb, often with difficulty | to draw forth (what is latent) | выявлять | делать вывод | выводить | вытянуть employee turn-around total number of workers who leave a company over a certain time period. Includes those who exit voluntarily as well as employees who are fired or laid off compelling that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting | so strong that you must do sth about it to reframe to change the way something is expressed or considered over the long haul over an extended period of time to get one up on somebody to get an advantage over someone, or to do something that shows you are better than them reciprocity situation in which two people, countries, etc. provide the same help or advantages to each other cross-team collaboration (or cross-functional collaboration) happens when employees from separate departments within a company work together on a task or project in any capacity. Doesn't require to work with other functions cross functional collaboration involves a group of people with a wide range of skills working together on a project. You could hold meetings with accounting, sales, and marketing about the accounts receivable and accounts payable processes. And don't just include department heads, include “regular employees” from each team too, and assign them different responsibilities in line with your objectives sloppy (disapproving) not taking care or making an effort, lacking care to brown-nose to try too hard to please someone, especially someone in a position of authority, in a way that other people find unpleasant to regurgitate to repeat what you have heard without thinking about it doomscrolling activity of spending a lot of time looking at your phone or computer and reading bad or negative news stories, even though that news is saddening. Practice of obsessively checking online news for updates, especially on social media feeds, with the expectation that the news will be bad, such that the feeling of dread from this negative expectation fuels a compulsion to continue looking for updates in a self-perpetuating cycle. Experts warn that doomscrolling can be harmful to your mental health doom death or destruction | any terrible event that you cannot avoid scorn strong feeling that sb/sth is stupid or not good enough, usually shown by the way you speak | contempt ringleader (disapproving) a person who leads others in crime or in causing trouble mischief bad behaviour (especially of children) that is annoying but does not cause any serious damage or harm to give a low ball (AmEn) to give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate that one has no intention of honouring or to prepare a cost estimate deliberately and misleadingly low barrage /bə:'ɔʒ/ /ˈbærɑ:ʒ/ large number of sth, such as questions or comments, that are directed at sb very quickly, one after the other, often in an aggressive way to delude sb / yourself (into doing sth) to make sb believe sth that is not truel to deceive to nag to worry or irritate you continuously rigoruous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ demanding that particular rules, processes, etc. are strictly followed garment (formal) piece of clothing employee onboarding mechanism through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviours in order to become effective organizational members and insiders onboarding virtual unboxing experience that helps users get started with an app data onboarding process of transferring offline data to an online environment for marketing needs.[1][2] Data onboarding is mainly used to connect offline customer records with online users by matching identifying information gathered from offline datasets to retrieve the same customers in an online audience to deteriorate to become worse owing to because of following (+ noun phrase) as a result of to bring about to result in to give rise to to result in to put it in a nutshell to sum up with a view to (+ gerund) in order to however used to introduce a statement that contrasts with sth that has just been said | but yet in spite of what has just been said in spite of (+ noun phrase) although despite (+ noun phrase) although nevertheless in spite of sth that you have just mentioned nonetheless in spite of this fact having said that despite what has just been said whereas used to compare or contrast two facts | in contrast or comparison with the fact that | although | in spite of the fact that while although | in spite of the fact that bearing in mind remembering and considering something when making a decision or before taking action prude (disapproving) a person that you think is too easily shocked by things connected with sex Great Britain official collective name of England, Scotland and Wales and their associated islands. Does not include Northern Ireland. Should never be used interchangeably with 'UK' UK (United Kingdom) England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland British Isles group of islands off the north western coast of Europe. Consists of two main islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and numerous smaller islands and island groups, including the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Man urban sprawl unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.[3] In addition to describing a special form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development to ramp up to bolster or strengthen | used in economics and business to describe an increase in a firm's production ahead of anticipated increases in product demand. Alternatively, ramp-up describes the period from completed initial product development to maximum capacity utilization, characterized by product and process experimentation and improvements sham situation, feeling, system, etc. that is not as good or true as it seems to be to quell to stop sth such as violent behaviour or protests | to stop or reduce strong or unpleasant feelings to quash /kwɔʃ/ to take action to stop sth from continuing | to annul | to reject as not valid, esp. by a legal procedure breakaway (of a political group, an organization, or a part of a country) having separated from a larger group or country | separatist truce agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting for an agreed period of time denunciation act of criticizing sb/sth strongly in public de-Nazification social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism curfew law which says that people must not go outside after a particular time at night until the morning | the time after which nobody must go outside martial law situation where the army of a country controls an area instead of the police during a time of trouble to accommodate to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better deterrent thing that makes sb less likely to do sth to retaliate to do sth harmful to sb because they have harmed you first hefty (of an amount of money) large | larger than usual or expected ration fixed amount of food, fuel, etc. that you are officially allowed to have when there is not enough for everyone to have as much as they want, for example during a war to resort to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible severe extremely bad or serious to overthrow to remove a leader or a government from a position of power by force iron curtain Political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas military discharge given when a member of the armed forces is released from their obligation to serve. Each country's military has different types of discharge. They are generally based on whether the persons completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service bustling full of people moving about in a busy way pothole large rough hole in the surface of a road that is formed by traffic and bad weather excrement solid waste matter that is passed from the body through the bowels treadmill exercise machine that has a moving surface that you can walk or run on while remaining in the same place bike | cycle lane types of bikeways with lanes on the roadway for cyclists only. In the United Kingdom, an on-road cycle-lane can be firmly restricted to cycles or advisory pavement flat part at the side of a road for people to walk on peninsula area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of land social disparity disparities in other aspects of society such as the justice system, education, academe, business institutions, as well as politics roof rack metal frame fixed to the roof of a car and used for carrying bags, cases and other large objects folding bicycle bicycle designed to fold into a compact form, facilitating transport and storage. When folded, the bikes can be more easily carried into buildings, on public transportation (facilitating mixed-mode commuting and bicycle commuting), and more easily stored in compact living quarters or aboard a car, boat or plane to refurbish to clean and decorate a room, building, etc. in order to make it more attractive, more useful, etc to revamp to make changes to the form of sth, usually to improve its appearance to renovate to repair and paint an old building, a piece of furniture, etc. so that it is in good condition again to file (law) to present sth so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with looting plundering during riots or in wartime to take something with a "grain of salt" or "pinch of salt" to suggest to view something, specifically claims that may be misleading or unverified, with scepticism or to not interpret something literally side effect unexpected result of a situation or course of action that happens as well as the result you were aiming for informed choice situation when a person is given options to choose from several diagnostic tests or treatments, knowing the details, benefits, risks and expected outcome of each denunciation act of reporting someone who has broken a rule or law to the authorities human capital flight emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home brain drain migration of skilled personnel in search of better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide organizational brain drain mass exodus of talented workers from a company, often because they sense instability, a lack of opportunity within the company, or they may feel that they can realize their career goals more easily at another company (source: investopedia.com) right cause sth worth doing or giving because it will help other people, for example by raising money for charity to muzzle to prevent sb from expressing their opinions in public as they want to to confiscate to officially take sth away from sb, especially as a punishment to seize to arrest or capture sb contentious likely to cause disagreement between people to contend with sth for sth to compete against sb in order to gain sth garden leave (also known as gardening leave) practice whereby an employee leaving a job—having resigned or otherwise had their employment terminated—is instructed to stay away from work during the notice period, while still remaining on the payroll.[1] The term is in common use in banking and other financial employment in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. This practice is often used to prevent an employee from taking with them up-to-date (and perhaps sensitive) information when they leave their current employer, especially when they are very likely leaving to join a competitor onboarding (aka organizational socialization) management jargon first created in the 1970s that refers to the mechanism through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviours in order to become effective organizational members and insiders to give carte blanche to grant unconditional terms | unlimited authority to pre-empt to prevent sth from happening by taking action to stop it investigation official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc fatal /ˈfeɪtl/ causing or ending in death lead piece of information that may help to find out the truth or facts about a situation, especially a crime to recap to summarise to evoke to suggest to constitute to be considered to be sth | to be the parts that together form sth to elicit to get information or a reaction from sb, often with difficulty cork-screw tool for drawing corks from wine bottles and other household bottles that may be sealed with corks bath mat small piece of thick carpet or strong material that is used to cover part of a floor cruel having a desire to cause pain and suffering | causing pain or suffering slaughterhouse /'slɔ:tə:,haus/ building where animals are killed for food extremist /ɪksˈtri:mɪst/ person who holds extreme or fanatical political or religious views and esp. resorts to or advocates extreme action strychnine /ˈstrɪkni:n/ /s'tri,knain/ poisonous substance used in very small amounts as a medicine scapegoat someone who is punished for the errors of others to clamp down to make a determined attempt to stop people doing sth bad wholeheartedly without reserve | without reservation Lindane chemical substance (C6H6Cl6) used as an agricultural insecticide residue /ˈrezɪdju:/ what is left over or remains | a remainder | the rest minute very small, tiny banning order decree that prohibits sth to allay /əˈleɪ / to diminish (fear, suspicion, etc.) | relieve or alleviate (pain, hunger, etc.) to quell crush or put down (a rebellion etc.) | reduce (rebels etc.) to submission | suppress (fear, anger, etc.) to quash /kwɔʃ/ to take action to stop sth from continuing | to annul | to reject as not valid, esp. by a legal procedure to dispel to force to go away | used both with concrete and metaphoric meanings | to dissipate | to disperse | to scatter over-the-counter without a prescription | needing no prescription CGI computer generated images to strangle at birth to stop sth as soon as it has begun trick question question that you do to deceive sb or to annoy sb as a joke tricky question question that is difficult to answer sound bite short comment that is taken from a longer conversation or speech and broadcast alone because it is more effective, very short speech, usually on radio or television to fork out to raise, or pitch with a fork | pay a lot of money for sth walking a tightrope doing sth dangerous to beat (sb) to do something before someone else does it insider trading illegal use of insider information for profit in financial trading legitimate lawful, proper, regular, conforming to the standard type | logically admissible alliteration occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words e.g. cool, calm, and collected to perpetrate /ˈpə:pɪtreɪt/ to commit a crime to litigate (law) to take a claim or dispute to a court of law to desist (from sth / from doing sth) (formal) to stop doing sth malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/ having or showing hatred and a desire to harm sb or hurt their feelings freeload take advantage of other people's generosity without giving anything in return defacing to spoil the surface or appearance of (something), for example by drawing or writing on it to infringe to break a law or rule to cover bases to do everything necessary to be sure that something is successful to cite sth (as sth) to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying to attribute sth to sth to say or believe that sth is the result of a particular thing passing off unauthorised commercial use of a company's brand name, logo, etc ambush marketing masquerading masquerade /ˌmæskəˈreɪd/ false show or pretence to masquerade to appear in disguise, assume a false appearance cybersquatting registering a domain's name featuring another company's band name to cease to end to desist to cease to proceed or act reversal change or overthrowing, an official declaration that it is false to issue 'cease & desist' orders judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity to litigate make the subject of a lawsuit | to contest in law | to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court vulnerable that may be wounded or harmed | (foll. by to) exposed to damage by a weapon, criticism malicious intending or intended to do harm civil action non-criminal lawsuit that begins with a complaint and usually involves private parties Barbara Streisand effect phenomenon that occurs when an attempt to hide, remove, or censor information has the unintended consequence of increasing awareness of that information, often via the Internet ERM enterprise risk management hazard risks fire, flood, theft, vandalism operational risks overheads exceed income, suppliers fail to deliver, staff problems... financial risks cash flow problems, bank refuses overdraft... strategic risks wrong marketing, poor product placement, competition... proactive controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens hazard source of danger | a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune to put it in a nutshell to sum up prominent important or well known | easily seen to mitigate make less severe or harsh shortfall amount by which something is less than expected or required compelling that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting detrimental (to) causing harm or injury to mitigate to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of to beleaguer /bɪˈli:ɡə/ to annoy persistently, pester, bug to withstand to be strong enough not to be hurt or damaged by extreme conditions, the use of force, etc to cover bases to do everything necessary to be sure that something is successful material to information or ideas for use in creating a book or other work | something that may impact the expected result to cite sth (as sth) to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying to attribute sth to sth to say or believe that sth is the result of a particular thing human capital flight emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home brain drain migration of skilled personnel in search of better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide organizational brain drain mass exodus of talented workers from a company, often because they sense instability, a lack of opportunity within the company, or they may feel that they can realize their career goals more easily at another company (source: investopedia.com) Barbara Streisand effect phenomenon that occurs when an attempt to hide, remove, or censor information has the unintended consequence of increasing awareness of that information, often via the Internet explicit /ɪksˈplɪsɪt/ clear and easy to understand implicit /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ suggested without being directly expressed insolvent declared in law unable to pay debts on balance when all factors are taken into consideration tentative /ˈtentətɪv/ done by way of trial, experimental | hesitant, not definite apologetic offering or expressing apology across the board including everyone or all, so that all are included assertive confident to deteriorate (into sth) to become worse in tatters ruined, demolished beleaguered /bɪˈli:ɡə/ harassed, teased, annoyed, frustrated to the point of giving up to grieve to cause to feel sorrow to be toppled to fall down, as if collapsing canard /kæˈnɑ:d/ (formal) a false report or piece of news to worship to show respect for God or a god, especially by saying prayers, singing, etc. with other people in a church, etc to espouse (formal) to give your support to a belief, policy etc redemption act of delivering from sin or saving from evil, act of purchasing back something previously sold virtuous behaving in a very good and moral way to purport /ˈpə:pət/ to propose or intend messianic relating to a messiah promising deliverance to lionise to assign great social importance to to torpedo to make (a policy, institution, plan, etc.) ineffective or inoperative | destroy to be under siege /si:dʒ/ military operation in which an attacking force seeks to compel the surrender of a fortified place by surrounding it and cutting off supplies etc plaintiff person who brings an action in a court of law indictment /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ official statement accusing someone of committing a crime stalker /'stɔ:kə:/ person who follows and watches another person over a long period of time in a way that is annoying or frightening | person who follows an animal quietly and slowly, especially in order to kill or capture it whistle-blower person, usually an employee, who exposes information or activity within a private, public, or government organization that is deemed illegal, illicit, unsafe, fraud, or abuse of taxpayer funds to defeat to stop sth from being successful | to beat, to win against sb in a war, competition, sports game, etc to tamper to meddle with or make unauthorized changes to scrap to cancel or get rid of sth that is no longer practical or useful conventional wisdom ideas or beliefs generally accepted as true vindicator person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution inference reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgement on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation to be toast burnt, with no chances of recovering from the mistake Mother Goose (author) supposed author of a book of nursery rhymes first published as "Mother Goose's Melodies," and usually called simply "Mother Goose." The first English edition is said to have been printed in 1719 in London Mother Goose (book) traditional book of stories that every child reads Mother Goose rules traditional rules handed down from generation to generation without questioning Jesse Jackson United States civil rights leader who led a national campaign against racial discrimination and ran for presidential nomination to stonewall to obstruct or hinder any discussion, engage in delaying tactics or refuse to cooperate pundit person who knows a lot about a particular subject and who often talks about it in public | an expert | a Hindu learned in Sanskrit and in the philosophy, religion, and jurisprudence of India to put lipstick on the pig to make something unpleasant look more attractive by artificial means to worship to love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess to repent (of sth) (formal) to feel and show that you are sorry for sth bad or wrong that you have done to opine /əuˈpaɪn/ to hold or express as an opinion canard false report or piece of news | unfounded rumour or story adversary person that sb is opposed to and competing with in an argument or a battle | opponent alliteration occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (e.g. cool, calm, and collected) to exploit language to make good use of, manipulate to one's advantage ample enough or more than enough chime /'tʃaim / (of a bell or a clock) to ring | to show the time by making a ringing sound to chime in (with sth) to join or interrupt a conversation to drag your feet to take a long time to do sth wrench sharp strain on muscles or ligaments onomatopoeia using words that imitate the sound they denote fluency marker aha, er, hem... to tackle to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation | ~ sb (about sth) to speak to sb about a problem or difficult situation no-frills firm or product that offers no extras | a generic product that carries no expensive label advertising copy main text used in an advertisement. The text could be a dialogue, a catchy punch line or a company's dictum. Rather than meaning that the writer "copied" the material, it means that it is material that is intended to be copied — that is, reproduced and printed in the newspaper or ad for all to read copywriter person whose job is to write the words for advertising material curvaceous (informal) used in newspapers, etc. to describe a woman whose body has attractive curves zest enjoyment and enthusiasm | quality of being exciting, interesting and enjoyable | outer skin of an orange, a lemon, etc., when it is used to give flavour in cooking upholstery soft covering on furniture such as armchairs and sofas pun humorous play on words USP unique selling proposition thorough done completely | with great attention to detail alliteration occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words e.g. cool, calm, and collected cross-selling selling (a different product or service) to an existing customer up-selling persuading a customer to buy something additional or more expensive bells & whistles many unnecessary effects more bang for the buck good value for money punch line final sentence, phrase, or word in a joke or humorous story that is unexpected and produces the humorous effect bricks & mortar shop traditional shop as opposed to e-commerce pushover person who can easily be overcome, persuaded, taken advantage of, etc upfront frank and honest incentive motive or incitement, esp. to action, encouragement prospects possibility of future success | marketing term describing potential customers captive market markets where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers. Their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly to jump / get on a bandwagon to join a popular cause or movement barrage /bə:'ɔʒ/ large number of sth, such as questions or comments, that are directed at sb very quickly, one after the other, often in an aggressive way to elicit to get information or a reaction from sb, often with difficulty | to draw forth (what is latent) off-the-shelf made in large quantities and intended to be used without modifications to walk the walk to show that something is true by your actions rather than your words, e.g. We're at this meeting because we're environmentalists who walk the walk | opposite of paying lip service savvy understanding the ins & outs, being knowledgeable to covet to desire to foster to promote potent having great influence icy cool with calm and not showing emotion in difficult situations flaming very intense, burning beleaguered /bɪˈli:ɡə/ harassed, teased, annoyed, frustrated to the point of giving up to sort out to make free from confusion or ambiguity | make clear to account for to be the reason or explanation for itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərərɪ/ detailed route out of the blue from nowhere, in a way that was not expected allegation formal accusation against somebody across the board including everyone or all, so that all are included on balance all things considered, essentially by and large usually | as a rule to hold off on sth to wait before acting at a stroke all at once, all in a go as it were as you might say, so to speak by the same token in the same way glitch fault or defect in a computer program, system, or machine in the wake of as a result of | right after | following triage /ˈtraɪɪdʒ/ assignment of degrees of urgency to decide the order of treatment of wounds, illnesses, etc impostor syndrome (also known as impostor phenomenon, impostorism, fraud syndrome or the impostor experience) is a psychological pattern in which an individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a "fraud".[1] Despite external evidence of their competence, those experiencing this phenomenon remain convinced that they are frauds and do not deserve all they have achieved. Individuals with impostorism incorrectly attribute their success to luck, or interpret it as a result of deceiving others into thinking they are more intelligent than they perceive themselves to be life-long employment promise by a company to an employee that they will have a job for their whole working life soft skills aka common skills or core skills, skills applicable to all professions, and include critical thinking, problem solving, public speaking, professional writing, teamwork, digital literacy, leadership, professional attitude, work ethic, career management and intercultural fluency hard skills job-specific abilities or knowledge learned through education, hands-on experience, or training to groom sb (for / as sth) to prepare or train sb for an important job or position to oust to force sb out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place to embrace (formal) to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc | to include to sacrifice to give up sth that is important or valuable to you in order to get or do sth that seems more important for yourself or for another person henpecked man who people say is henpecked has a wife who is always telling him what to do, and is too weak to disagree with her ambush act of hiding and waiting for sb and then making a surprise attack on them reminiscent of reminding you of sb/sth to recognise to express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for emotional intelligence ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict pushy (informal, disapproving) trying hard to get what you want, especially in a way that seems rude inadvertently by accident | without intending to to wind up to end up bond something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences limelight centre of public attention to err to be on the side of sth to show too much of a good quality | to make a mistake | e.g. I thought it was better to err on the side of caution, i.e. to be too careful rather than take a risk SEV culture culture in which problems are reviewed, followed up and lessons are learnt rigour fact of being careful and paying great attention to detail groovy (old-fashioned, informal) fashionable, attractive and interesting ad-hoc arranged or happening when necessary and not planned in advance extenuating (formal) showing reasons why a wrong or illegal act, or a bad situation, should be judged less seriously or excused through trial and error method of discovering something desirable by trying many different things until one works | as, the traditional method of finding new drugs is by trial and error pathology symptoms of a disease | scientific study of diseases | aspect of sb's behaviour that is extreme and unreasonable and that they cannot control archetype most typical or perfect example of a particular kind of person or thing blueprint detailed plan which shows what can be achieved and how it can be achieved mileage amount of advantage or use that you can get from a particular event or situation EM engineer manager who supports other people TPM technical product manager SWE software engineer to kick in to set in | to enter a particular state | to start without further ado without delaying | immediately by virtue of because of, thanks to genuine real, true reliant dependent commendable (formal) deserving praise and approval to give an edge to give an advantage differentiation act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference to evoke to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind middle-aged being roughly between 45 and 65 years old to constitute to form, compose differentiation act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference lifestyle management solutions catchy (informal) (of music or the words of an advertisement) pleasing and easily remembered commendable deserving praise and approval cohesive well integrated, sticking together empathy ability to imagine oneself in another's place and understand the other's feelings, desires, ideas, and actions to take precedence over to be more important than fierce strong, tough [competition] to pass the buck ask someone to do an unpleasant task for you to rest assured to feel certain knock-on causing other events to happen one after another in a series pensively thinking carefully about sth, especially sth sad or serious fierce angry and aggressive in a way that is frightening to take precedence over condition of being more important than sb else and therefore coming or being dealt with first to salvage save from ruin, destruction, or harm to put on the back burner reduce priority skip (-level) manager someone who works for a company at two levels higher than another person, or a meeting or relationship that involves an employee and a manager at two levels higher to have a bone to pick with someone to have a dispute / disagreement to settle to talk through one's hat say something without knowing or understanding the facts | talk foolishly or ignorantly to hunch to round one's back by bending forward and drawing the shoulders forward succinct using few words to convey to make known | pass on, of information to couch sth (in sth) (formal) to say or write words in a particular style or manner lucrative /ˈlu:krətɪv/ very profitable to throw in the towel to give up in the face of defeat of lacking hope | admit defeat to accommodate to sth | ~ sth / yourself to sth to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better to mull over sth to think about a problem, plan etc for a long time before making a decision bleeping word reference to the bleep sound that is dubbed over swearwords on Tv to swear to use strong language weirdo someone unpleasantly strange or eccentric cursing profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger profanity vulgar or irreverent speech or action, four-letter words expletive /eksˈpli:tɪv/ profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger | word, especially a rude word, that you use when you are angry, or in pain | swear word indecent not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society, offensive to good taste especially in sexual matters obscene suggestive of or tending to moral looseness | connected with sex in a way that most people find offensive innocuous harmless, not causing disapproval, e.g. Bother! foul /'faul/ become soiled and dirty | (of language) including rude words and swearing assertive tending to assert oneself | forthright, positive to contravene to do sth that is not allowed by a law or rule | to infringe opinionated (disapproving) having very strong opinions that you are not willing to change steam-roller vehicle equipped with heavy wide smooth rollers for compacting roads and pavements, massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way to steamroller to defeat sb or force them to do sth, using your power or authority cheese-paring (disapproving) not liking to spend money e.g. cheese-paring economies | mean penny-pinching (disapproving) unwilling to spend money on things to unscramble to make intelligible to defuse reduce the tension or potential danger in (a crisis, difficulty, etc.) to put with to accept patiently | bear to fly off the handle to lose one's temper, to become angry to get someone's back up to annoy someone to be like chalk and cheese not to have much in common to go ballistic to become angry, very upset a right pain a pain in the neck something or someone that causes trouble | a source of unhappiness blinkered having narrow and prejudiced views to drive sb up the wall to get on sb's nerves to get your goat to make a person disgusted or angry to hit the roof to get very angry and fly into a rage to get away with murder to do something very bad without being caught or punished That's the last straw the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit to rub sb up the wrong way to make (someone) a little angry | do something not liked by (someone) | annoy | bother to shadow sb to make that person less important not to get a word in not to be able to speak your mind to be at the end of your tether to be the end of your trying or imagining | the last of your ability, or ideas of how to do more, at the end of your rope to make sb sick to have enough of sth argumentative fond of arguing | quarrelsome to mull sth over to reflect deeply on a subject to throw in the towel to give up in the face of defeat of lacking hope | admit defeat to blow over to come to an end | pass away with little or no bad effects TLDR acronym that stands for "Too Long Didn't Read." TLDR is commonly used to summarize lengthy content and can signal a sort of executive summary at the start of news articles or emails. The abbreviation can come off as rude, so it's best to avoid using TLDR as a response in professional settings whereas used to compare or contrast two facts | in contrast or comparison with the fact that on solid ground to be safe in a given situation | to be justified in doing something whether used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities unsubtle obvious | behaving in a clever way, and using indirect methods, in order to achieve sth secretive /sɪˈkri:tɪv/ inclined to make or keep secrets | uncommunicative to come to a head when a situation reaches a point where something must be done about it prohibitive (of a price or a cost) so high that it prevents people from buying sth or doing sth to kill two birds with one stone to succeed in doing two things by only one action | get two results from one effort to turn the tables on someone to change a situation so that you now have an advantage over someone who previously had an advantage over you persuasive able to persuade sb to do or believe sth | convincing unsubtle obvious, plain, clear to cajole /kəˈdʒəul/ sb (into sth / into doing sth) | ~ sth out of sb to make sb do sth by talking to them and being very nice to them | to coax to devise to work out to perish to be destroyed | to suffer death or ruin impoverished poor enough to need help from others amiable /ˈeɪmjəbl/ disposed to please, friendly and pleasant in temperament | likeable to accommodate to sth | ~ sth / yourself to sth to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better accommodating helpful in bringing about a harmonious adaptation | willing to help and do things for other people country club club in the country, or on the edge of a town, where people can play sports and go to social events impoverished poor in quality, because sth is missing assertiveness aggressive self-assurance | given to making bold assertions amiable pleasant | friendly and easy to like Johari window technique designed to help people better understand their relationship with themselves and others. It was created by psychologists Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) in 1955, and is used primarily in self-help groups and corporate settings as a heuristic exercise. Luft and Ingham named their model "Johari" using a combination of their first names arena place with a flat open area in the middle and seats around it where people can watch sports and entertainment | area of activity that concerns the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries façade /fəˈsɑːd/ way that sb/sth appears to be, which is different from the way sb/sth really is blind spot area that sb cannot see, especially an area of the road when they are driving a car | if sb has a blind spot about sth, they ignore it or they are unwilling or unable to understand it dark horse political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly demeanour /,di'mi:nə:/ way that sb looks or behaves phoney /ˈfəunɪ/ (informal, disapproving) not real or true | false, and trying to deceive people brusque /'brəsk/ using very few words and sounding rude to concede sth (to sb) | ~ sb sth to admit that sth is true, logical, etc to bark out sth to give orders, ask questions, etc. in a loud, unfriendly way to solicit sth (from sb) | ~ (sb) (for sth) to ask sb for sth, such as support, money, or information | to try to get sth or persuade sb to do sth abrasive rude and unkind | acting in a way that may hurt other people's feelings field marshal officer holding the highest rank in the army rebel person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority street fighter contestant who is very aggressive and willing to use underhand methods to sugarcoat to cause to appear more pleasant or appealing to preserve to keep a particular quality, feature, etc. | to make sure that sth is kept spine backbone | row of small bones that are connected together down the middle of the back assertiveness aggressive self-assurance | given to making bold assertions gee /'dʒi:/ exclamation (especially AmE) a word that some people use to show that they are surprised, impressed or annoyed to belittle to make sb or the things that sb does seem unimportant scapegoat someone who is punished for the errors of others to be on the rocks to have serious difficulties and likely to fail soon the writing is on the wall the future is clearly, used negatively vicious circle process in which the existence of a problem causes other problems, and this makes the original problem even worse to go ballistic to become extremely angry stagnant not growing or developing high-end more expensive and advanced AOB any other business RFT request for tender VFM value for money to adhere be compatible or in accordance with, follow through or carry out a plan without deviation wholegrain food made with or containing whole grains, foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grasses banned not allowed canned food tinned goods packet food in vacuum, wrapped or boxed together USP unique selling point retro | backward planning involves starting a plan at the end goal and then working through required steps in reverse-chronological order, and is commonly advocated by practitioners as a tool for developing realistic plans and projections SMART specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound grail (holy ~) cup or bowl believed to have been used by Jesus Christ before he died, that became a holy thing that people wanted to find | thing that you try very hard to find or achieve, but never will CPFR collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment overhead connected with the general costs of running a business or an organization, for example paying for rent or electricity inertia lack of energy | lack of desire or ability to move or change technical debt (aka design debt or code debt) can be also related to other technical endeavors, is a concept in software development that reflects the implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy (limited) solution now instead of using a better approach that would take longer crutches two long sticks that you put under your arms to help you walk after you have injured your leg or foot to buy into to accept to let up to slow down, stop outlet (retail ~) shop/store or an organization that sells goods made by a particular company or of a particular type proactively making changes before they are needed / become criticail stockout | out-of-stock (OOS) event event that causes inventory to be exhausted. While out-of-stocks can occur along the entire supply chain, the most visible kind are retail out-of-stocks in the fast-moving consumer goods industry from cradle to grave during the entire life cycle stales products which have gone past their sell-by date [e.g. in the grocery business] to mitigate to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of liability state of being legally obliged and responsible salvage act of saving goods or property that were in danger of damage or destruction salvaged before being used or consumed, e.g. best-by date past but yogurts haven't been eaten yet thrift shop retail establishment run by a charitable organization to raise money by selling mainly used goods such as clothing, books, music albums, shoes, DVDs, toys, and furniture donated by members of the public, and are often staffed by volunteers. Because the items for sale were obtained for free, and business costs are low, the items can be sold at competitive prices scan-based trading where retailers pay suppliers for a product when consumers purchase it rather than at the time it is delivered to the store cyanide /ˈsaɪənaɪd/ highly poisonous chemical compound salvage act of saving goods or property that were in danger of damage or destruction salvaged before being used or consumed, e.g. best-by date past but yogurts haven't been eaten yet rusk (especially BrE) slice of bread rebaked usu. as a light biscuit, esp. as food for babies succinct /səkˈsɪŋkt/ briefly giving the gist of something ore mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined dairy containing, or concerning milk and its products sell-by date date stamped on perishable produce indicating the date by which it should be sold reverse logistics maximising the value of all goods which, for one reason or another, are removed from the primary distribution channel | return of goods to oversee to make sure that a job or an activity is done correctly | to supervise smallholder person who owns or rents a small piece of land for farming bewildering making you feel confused because there are too many things to choose from or because sth is difficult to understand commodity product or a raw material that can be bought and sold, especially between countries lift-out when the outsourcing service provider hires the people who used to be employed by the client to do the same work non-disclosure agreement legal contract or part of a contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to knowledge drain when employees refuse lift-out and leave the company altogether cubicle farm place where large numbers of office workers work in cubicles, such as call centres small area set off by walls for special use, booth mill factory that produces a particular type of material offshoring when production & services are operating or located in a foreign country historical precedent example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time breakthrough app miracle technology solace /ˈsɔləs/ sth reassuring | comfort you feel when consoled in times of disappointment neat tidy and in order | carefully done or arranged net effect overall effect sunset industry declining industry or technology blue collar manufacturing worker white collar office worker Nehru Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule swarm large group of people, especially when they are all moving quickly in the same direction to gobble to eat sth very fast, in a way that people consider rude or data crunching adding up numbers to wield to have and use power, authority, etc | to brandish aide-de-camp (abbreviation ADC) an officer in the army or navy who helps a more senior officer détente improvement in the relationship between two or more countries which have been unfriendly towards each other in the past bewildering amazing observant paying close attention, especially to details not exactly the flavour of the month doesn't have a good reputation to be in the same boat to share the same difficulties herding cats to cause to drive, or crowd together the real McCoy /mə'kɔi/ informal usage attributing authenticity, excellent, the real stuff bottom line summary, conclusion (publicity) stunt dangerous and difficult action that sb does to entertain people, especially as part of a film/movie to swoosh to move quickly through the air in a way that makes a sound Dunbar number maximum number of contacts with whom you can maintain the quality of your relationship. Hence, 150 is a magic number for a dept size. to be hands-off allowing other people to make their own decisions to hit the ground running to be successful from the start of an activity to bounce some ideas off sb to present some ideas & get further input constraint restriction of liberty hypocrisy /hɪˈpɔkrəsɪ/ (disapproving) behaviour in which sb pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have greed strong desire for more wealth, possessions, power, etc. than a person needs to prevail (against / over sth) (formal) (of ideas, opinions, etc.) to be accepted, especially after a struggle or an argument | (in / among sth) (written) to exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place to coin to make up vicinity surrounding or nearby region to dismiss not to take into account to offset compensate for or counterbalance sustainable development pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come smokescreen something that you do or say in order to hide what you are really doing or intending | cloud of smoke used to hide soldiers, ships, etc. during a battle to pay lip service to say that you approve of sth or support sth, without proving your support by what you actually do tokenistic complying with a certan obligation or expectation but to the minimum extent to sidestep to avoid answering a question or dealing with a problem gender role overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness gender gap difference in opinions or attitudes between men and women concerning a variety of public and private issues, including political candidates, parties, or programmes to impede to be a hindrance or obstacle to glass ceiling ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions to overreach to fail by trying to achieve more than is possible to reconcile to make (one thing) compatible with (another) to sing praises to express your approval or admiration for sb/sth to hit below the belt disregarding the rules (from the notion of an illegal low blow in boxing) self-starter energetic person with unusual initiative to beg request urgently or persistently irritable getting annoyed easily | showing your anger patriarchal (of societies) being ruled by or having descent traced through the male line to pamper (sometimes disapproving) to take care of sb very well and make them feel as comfortable as possible gender role overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness LGBT lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender to perceive ~ sth (as sth) to understand or think of sth in a particular way astute /ə'stu:t/ eagle-eyed | penetrating | skilled | discriminating | cunning defensive attempting to justify or defend in speech or writing responsive reacting quickly and in a positive way upfront frank and honest non-committal /'nɔn kə'mitəl/ not giving an opinion | not showing which side of an argument you agree with bold courageous caring kind, helpful and showing that you care about other people grey cardinal someone who is a Grey Cardinal exerts power behind the scenes, without drawing attention to himself or herself dignified calm and serious and deserving respect ingenious having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things self-assertive aggressively self-assured dependable worthy of reliance or trust self-conscious ~ (about sth) nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of you witty able to say or write clever, amusing things tense nervous or worried, and unable to relax Johari window technique designed to help people better understand their relationship with themselves and others. It was created by psychologists Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) in 1955, and is used primarily in self-help groups and corporate settings as a heuristic exercise. Luft and Ingham named their model "Johari" using a combination of their first names arena place with a flat open area in the middle and seats around it where people can watch sports and entertainment | area of activity that concerns the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries façade /fəˈsɑːd/ way that sb/sth appears to be, which is different from the way sb/sth really is blind spot area that sb cannot see, especially an area of the road when they are driving a car | if sb has a blind spot about sth, they ignore it or they are unwilling or unable to understand it dark horse political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly nitpicking as nitpicking inherently requires fastidious, meticulous attention to detail, the term has become appropriated to describe the practice of meticulously searching for minor, even trivial errors in detail (often referred to as "nits" as well), and then criticising them (see hypercriticism) assuming /əˈsju:mɪŋ/ (of a person) taking too much for granted SMART specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound Parkinson's Law old adage that work expands to fill the time allotted. Put simply, the amount of work required adjusts to the time available for its completion. The term was first coined by Cyril Northcote Parkinson in a humorous essay he wrote for the Economist in 1955 to suit sb down to the ground to be extremely convenient for sb employability (long-term ~ / short term ~) fact of having the skills and qualifications that will make sb want to employ you invariable /ɪnˈvɛərɪəbl / always the same | never changing premise statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn aptitude natural propensity or talent flawed which has a mistake. error discretion (at sb's ~) freedom or power to decide what should be done in a particular situation thus from that fact or reason or as a result, in the way indicated performance appraisal evaluation of work achieved insight clear or deep perception of a situation to get the upper hand to be in a controlling position to juggle to manage several tasks at the same time to assert oneself to behave in a firm, confident way attribute quality ascribed to a person or thing satire way of criticizing a person, an idea or an institution in which you use humour to show their faults or weaknesses | a piece of writing that uses this type of criticism ruthless having no pity or compassion stance standpoint | an attitude of mind to blackmail sb (into doing sth) to force sb to give you money or do sth for you by threatening them, for example by saying you will tell people a secret about them to dress up to put on special clothes to appear particularly appealing and attractive to dress down to dress informally and casually to steer clear to avoid, direct (oneself) somewhere PA personal assistant appraisal assessment pantomime /ˈpæntəmaɪm/ performance using gestures and body movements without words to slave away (at sth) to work very hard daring brave | willing to do dangerous or unusual things foul-up /ˈfaulʌp/ problem caused by bad organization or a stupid mistake undertaker person whose job is to prepare dead people to be buried or cremated, and to arrange funerals cringing totally submissive grovelling creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground | to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth sycophancy flattering obsequiousness, trying too hard to please sb, especially sb who is important cock-up mistake that spoils people's arrangements jammy lucky, especially because sth good has happened to you without you making any effort waffle language that uses a lot of words but does not say anything important or interesting inert without power to move or act self-confident showing poise and confidence in your own worth mind-share amount of time spent thinking on sth to scratch a few backs to do favours for people in the hope they will be returned, e.g. Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours enlightening tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance discursive proceeding to a conclusion by reason or argument rather than intuition conversely with the terms of the relation reversed e.g. conversely, not all English people are teachers evidently clearly | that can be seen or understood easily in case because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc | in connection with someone or something, or in the situation of something | an in case-clause gives a reason while an if-clause describes a condition supposing that used to ask sb to pretend that sth is true or to imagine that sth will happen provided that (only) if - used to emphasise if | impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation | as long as, so long as, on condition that used to say what must happen or be done to make it possible for sth else to happen to escort sb from to accompany to patrol to walk or travel around an area, esp. at regular intervals, in order to protect or supervise it squad section of a police force that deals with a particular type of crime | group of players or competitors from which a team is chosen for a particular game or match to close off to isolate or separate premises building and land near to it that a business owns or uses disruption act of delaying or interrupting the continuity riverbank ground along either side of a river allegation (of sth) (against sb) | ~ (that ...) | ~ (about sb/sth) public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal fire extinguisher metal container with water or chemicals inside for putting out small fires agile able to think quickly and in an intelligent way | able to move quickly and easily to accuse ~ sb (of sth) to say that sb has done sth wrong or is guilty of sth bizarre strange, odd confident sure of oneself outbreak sudden eruption of anger, war, disease, rebellion, etc in case because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc | in connection with someone or something, or in the situation of something | an in case-clause gives a reason while an if-clause describes a condition supposing that used to ask sb to pretend that sth is true or to imagine that sth will happen provided that (only) if - used to emphasise if | impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation | as long as, so long as, on condition that used to say what must happen or be done to make it possible for sth else to happen to be over the hill not to be able to do sth well because you are too old to go downhill to go badly to be at a cross-roads to be in a situation when you can't choose to swallow to pass through the oesophagus as part of eating or drinking to regurgitate /rɪˈɡə:dʒɪteɪt/ to reproduce without thinking | repeat after memorization | to bring food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth again to live on borrowed time to survive after you would expect to be dead half-baked not well prepared, badly thought out to shine at sth to be especially good at sth to put aside some time to keep some time free flash of inspiration clever idea that comes suddenly arbalest | crossbow weapon which consists of a bow that is fixed onto a larger piece of wood, and that shoots short heavy arrows (called bolts) wisdom experience and knowledge together with the power of applying them critically or practically to learn the ropes | trick of the trade to learn thorough or special knowledge of a job | how to do something | the ways of people or the world to come under attack to be criticised by someone steep learning curve position in which you quickly have to learn sth difficult ace playing card with a large single symbol on it, which has either the highest or the lowest value in a particular card game e.g. the ace of spades / hearts / diamonds / clubs ace up your sleeve (BrE) (AmE an ace in the hole) (informal) secret advantage, for example a piece of information or a skill, that you are ready to use if you need to trump card (in some card games) card that belongs to the suit (is one of the four sets in a pack/deck of cards) that has been chosen for a particular game to have a higher value than the other three suits to come up / turn up trumps to do what is necessary to make a particular situation successful, especially when this is sudden or unexpected to trump to beat sth that sb says or does by saying or doing sth even better, e.g. They were trumped by another firm that made a lower bid YLE young learners of English preschool education nursery school, day care centre, playgroup, kindergarten primary school a school for children aged 5 to 11 public school (BrEn) private school for young people between the ages of 13 and 18, whose parents pay for their education secondary school / grammar school (BrEn) / high school (AmEn) school for young people between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18 form (BrE, old-fashioned) a class in a school sixth form the last two years in a secondary school for pupils aged 16 to 18 who study for A-level exams A levels school leaving qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom to students completing secondary or pre-university education HNC (High National Certificate) higher education/further education qualification in the United Kingdom (usually 1 year) HND (Higher National Diploma) diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area | good students may progress to a course leading to a degree BA (Bachelor of Arts) degree in diploma after a 2-3 year course at university graduate someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree Bachelor of Arts with Honours (Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore) 1-2 year postgraduate degree Master's degree in academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree post-graduate person with a higher degree | student who continues studies after graduation (кандидат наук) to undertake a research degree in (subject) candidate of sciences / PhD (in some countries) кандидат наук doctor (of sciences) someone who holds the highest level of degree given by a university haggling ~ (with sb) (over sth) arguing with sb in order to reach an agreement, especially about the price of sth bargain thing bought for less than the usual price | (with sb) an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do sth for each other to defer to delay sth until a later time | to postpone to stall ~ (on / over sth) to try to avoid doing sth or answering a question so that you have more time | to make sb wait so that you have more time to do sth to meet half way to yield or concede half of the difference in order to effect a compromise or reconciliation with to have a finger in every pie to be involved in a lot of different activities or knows about a lot of different things fiery quickly or easily becoming angry | showing strong emotions, especially anger to outbid sb for sth to offer more money than sb else in order to buy sth, for example at an auction fringe benefits extra things that an employer gives you as well as your wages BATNA best alternative to a negotiated agreement. In negotiation theory, the Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement cannot be reached coinage process of inventing a word or phrase reception (also known as Nursery, Year R, Year 0 or FS2 for foundation second year) first year of primary school in England and Wales. It comes after nursery and before Year One in England[1] and Wales, or before Primary 2 in Northern Ireland. Pupils in Reception are usually aged between four and five deviation act of moving away from what is normal or acceptable | a difference from what is expected or acceptable to enforce ~ sth (on sb) to make sth happen or force sb to do sth amicable /ˈæmɪkəbl/ done or achieved in a polite or friendly way and without quarrelling settlement official agreement that ends an argument between two people or group small talk polite conversation about ordinary or unimportant subjects, especially at social occasions assertive expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice leeway amount of freedom that you have to change sth or to do sth in the way you want to to dwell on / upon to think or talk a lot about sth, especially sth it would be better to forget smooth completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas | happening or continuing without any problems | (often disapproving) (of people, especially men, and their behaviour) very polite and pleasant, but in a way that is often not very sincere effectively used when you are saying what the facts of a situation are rash doing sth that may not be sensible without first thinking about the possible results courtesy service given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization level playing field conditions are fair and equal for all concerned to move the goalposts to change the rules for your own benefit the ball is in your court it is your responsibility to make the next move to call the shots to exercise authority or be in charge | to set the agenda down to the wire happening until the last minute possible | wire stretching across over a race track at the judges' stand, to mark the line at which the races end to get to first base to make the first step towards something to lay your cards on the table to disclose all your information up the ante to raise the stakes (level of risk) to reach stalemate to be stuck | unable to reach an agreement to stick to one’s guns to refuse to yield (concede) or change your mind to merit to deserve lead time time for preparation to bill sb for sth to ask for payment to denigrate to make a critical remark to give in to stop fighting or arguing and do as the other person wants peanut of little importance or influence or power | of minor status if you pay peanuts, you get monkeys good quality costs to haggle (over / about) to dispute or bargain persistently chlorine chemical element, poisonous greenish-yellow gas with a strong smell. It is often used in swimming pools to keep the water clean slave person who is legally owned by another person and is forced to work for them, calling one a slave is demeaning and strips away their humanity enslaved today, most historians speak of “enslaved people” instead of “slaves.” This language separates a person's identity from his/her circumstance concerned (about / for sth) (that ...) worried and feeling concern about sth | to be interested in sth to be terrible at sth not to be good at doing sth cold calling practice of telephoning sb that you do not know, in order to sell them sth luncheon voucher ticket given by some employers in Britain that sb can exchange for food at some restaurants and shops point taken to understand a thing that sb says or writes giving their opinion or stating a fact follow-through actions that sb takes in order to complete a plan figurehead person who is in a high position in a country or an organization but who has no real power or authority prescriptive (formal) telling people what should be done dignitary (plural dignitaries) a person who has an important official position calling card (AmEn) visiting card (BrEn) movers & shakers successful business people, sports personalities, politicians and people from the media to cut sb short (in the middle of sth) to interrupt NGO non governmental organisation | organization that is not part of any government | a key distinction is between not-for-profit groups and for-profit corporations | the vast majority of NGOs are not-for-profit to rub shoulders with to meet and spend time with a famous person, socially or as part of your job disabled / handicapped disabled is the most generally accepted term to refer to people with a permanent illness or injury that makes it difficult for them to use part of their body completely or easily. Handicapped is slightly old-fashioned and many people now think it is offensive. People also now prefer to use the word disability rather than handicap. The expression disabled people is often preferred to the disabled because it sounds more personal. Disabled and disability can be used with other words to talk about a mental condition: mentally disabled * learning disabilities. If somebody's ability to hear, speak or see has been damaged but not destroyed completely, they have impaired hearing/speech/sight (or vision). They can be described as visually/hearing impaired or partially sighted: The museum has special facilities for blind and partially sighted visitors. (src: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary) jab (BrEn) (informal) an injection to help prevent you from catching a disease, e.g. flu jab | sudden strong hit with sth pointed or with a fist dubious (about sth) / (about doing sth) (of a person) not certain and slightly suspicious about sth | not knowing whether sth is good or bad merely used meaning 'only' or 'simply' to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying to slouch to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward to nod off to fall asleep insincere saying or doing sth that you do not really mean or believe agreeable pleasant and easy to like apropos of (formal) in connection with | on the subject of, about | concerning to provide a referral /rə'fə:əl/ act of referring (as forwarding an applicant for employment or referring a matter to an appropriate agency) to bump into to meet without expecting to leverage ability to influence what people do sleazy morally degraded or doubtful selfless altruistic indifferent to sb/sth having or showing no interest in sb/sth peacock large male bird with long blue and green tail feathers that it can spread out like a fan | type of ostentatious display ostentatious behaving in a way that is meant to impress people by showing how rich, important, etc. you are stage fright nervous feelings felt by performers before they appear in front of an audience effective adequate to accomplish a purpose | producing the intended or expected result efficient performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort rehearsal time that is spent practising a play or piece of music in preparation for a public performance to flick to move or make sth move with sudden quick movements to fidget to move restlessly posture /'pɔstʃə:/ position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting gesture /'dʒestʃə:/ movement that you make with your hands, your head or your face to show a particular meaning voice modulation manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified to take charge to assume control lectern stand for holding a book in a church or chapel, esp. for a bible from which lessons are to be read | a similar stand for a lecturer shade ~ of sth different kind or level of opinion, feeling, etc rigid /'ridʒəd/ (often disapproving) (of rules, methods, etc.) very strict and difficult to change | stiff and difficult to move or bend mannerism way of speaking or moving that is typical of a person pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkl/ top or most successful point to seal the deal to come to an agreement, to finalise the deal | to make an agreement official sting sharp often poisonous wounding organ of an insect, snake, etc efficient doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time, money, or energy effective producing the result that is wanted or intended | producing a successful result miraculous like a miracle | completely unexpected and very lucky threefold /ˈθri:fəuld/ three times as much or as many virtual reality (VR) computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear to be real, making the user feel they are immersed in their surroundings. This environment is perceived through a device known as a Virtual Reality headset or helmet augmented reality (AR) interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory to break even to attain a level at which there is neither gain nor loss, as in business return (~ on investment, R.O.I) amount of profit made on investment business angel investor who provides financial backing for small start-ups or entrepreneurs. Angel investors are usually found among an entrepreneur's family and friends and are essentially the exact opposite of a venture capitalist venture capitalist investor who either provides capital to start-up ventures or supports small companies that wish to expand but do not have access to equities markets stake money that sb invests in a company | an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. that is important to you and that you want to be successful by all means definitely or certainly tycoon person who is successful in business or industry and has become rich and powerful uncompetitive not cheaper or better than others and therefore not able to compete equally USP unique selling point to zap to destroy, kill or hit sb/sth suddenly and with force | to do sth very fast | to move, or make sb/sth move, very fast in the direction mentioned CPA cost per action, also known as Cost Per Conversion, is an online and mobile advertising pricing model, where the advertiser pays for each specified action. For example, an action after an initial impression and click, like an install, form submit, double opt-in or in-app sale to be on to sb to understand the motives of someone | not to be deceived scarcity of smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands | deficiency to win over to convert to one's position or point of view to hand over to give control or possession of | give (something) to another person to return the favour to do the same to someone that he has done to you | pay someone back to stick to not to change your point of view, keep to your decision picturesque pretty, especially in a way that looks old-fashioned | suggesting or suitable for a picture | (of language) producing strong mental images by using unusual words flavour of the month fad | star, celebrity to invade to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it | to affect sth in an unpleasant or annoying way invasion fact of a large number of people or things arriving somewhere, especially people or things that are disturbing or unpleasant | act or a process that affects sb/sth in a way that is not welcome to have a way with to be able to lead, persuade, or influence hot off the press just appeared in print to nurture to care for and protect sb/sth while they are growing and developing | to help sb/sth to develop and be successful peculiar strange or unusual, especially in a way that is unpleasant or worrying succinct concise | using few words to inculcate ~ sth (in / into sb) | ~ sb with sth (formal) to cause sb to learn and remember ideas, moral principles, etc., especially by repeating them often deplorable (formal) very bad and unacceptable, often in a way that shocks people ferocious very fierce, violent or aggressive | very strong to spike to reject sth that a person has written or said | to prevent sth from happening or being made public mercilessly without pity sloppy that shows a lack of care, thought or effort redoubt place or situation in which sb/sth is protected when they are being attacked or threatened to crave to have a very strong desire for sth to flounder to struggle to know what to say or do or how to continue with sth | to have a lot of problems and to be in danger of failing completely | to struggle to move or get somewhere in water, mud, etc restrained showing calm control rather than emotion uninhibited behaving or expressing yourself freely without worrying about what other people think cunning clever at planning something so that they get what they want, especially by tricking other people, or things that are cleverly made for a particular purpose ingenue (from French) an innocent young woman, especially in a film/movie or play to crave (for) to have a very strong desire for sth superfluous /sju:ˈpə:fluəs/ more than you need or want | unnecessary invaluable ~ (to / for sb/sth) | ~ (in sth) extremely useful aspiring wanting to start the career or activity that is mentioned | wanting to be successful in life to absorb to make sth smaller become part of sth larger | to take sth into the mind and learn or understand it | to use up a large supply of sth, especially money or time truancy practice of staying away from school without permission narrative description of events, especially in a novel narration act or process of telling a story, especially in a novel, a film/movie or a play to have a way with to be able to lead, persuade, or influence hot off the press just appeared in print dormitory (BrEn) | hall of residence (AmEn) room for several people to sleep in, especially in a school or other institution to instil sth (in / into sb) to gradually make sb feel, think or behave in a particular way over a period of time rigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail, thorough recidivist person who continues to commit crimes, and seems unable to stop, even after being punished fairly to some extent but not very utterly completely | to the full extent | fully | totally forensic connected with the scientific tests used by the police when trying to solve a crime | connected with or used in a court of law to perceive sth (as sth) to understand or think of sth in a particular way | to notice or become aware of sth custodial involving sending sb to prison delinquency bad or criminal behaviour, usually of young people community service work helping people in the local community that sb does without being paid, either because they want to, or because they have been ordered to by a court of law as a punishment offender person who commits a crime to deter /dɪˈtə:/ ~ sb (from sth / from doing sth) to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth, especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions deterrent /dɪˈterənt/ (to sb/sth) thing that makes sb less likely to do sth detention state of being kept in a place, especially a prison, and prevented from leaving | punishment of being kept at school for a time after other students have gone home curfew law which says that people must not go outside after a particular time at night until the morning | the time after which nobody must go outside rehabilitation restoration of someone to a useful place in society adolescent young person who is developing from a child into an adult harsh cruel, severe and unkind juvenile connected with young people who are not yet adults | (disapproving) silly and more typical of a child than an adult mugger person who threatens or attacks sb in order to steal their money, especially in a public place to rescind /rɪˈsɪnd/ (formal) to officially state that a law, contract, decision, etc. is no longer valid to revoke (formal) to officially cancel sth so that it is no longer valid to terminate (formal) to end | to make sth end to dump to get rid of sth you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable lamb young sheep bustling full of people moving about in a busy way to dash to go somewhere very quickly pepper mill mill for grinding pepper to grind sth (down / up) ~ sth (to / into sth) to break or crush sth into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine profuse a lot to bulge to stick out from sth in a round shape archaic /ɔr'keiik/ old and no longer used to disguise sb (as sb/sth) to change your appearance so that people cannot recognize you posh elegant and expensive | (sometimes disapproving) typical of or used by people who belong to a high social class square meal substantial and nourishing meal you choose from a list of dishes that have separate prices, rather than having a complete meal at a fixed price stodgy heavy and making you feel very full tablecloth cloth that you use for covering a table, especially when you have a meal distinctive of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing bland lacking taste or flavour or tang subtle evasive or mysterious | hard to grasp WRIST world restaurant international sign technique flirtatious behaving in a way that shows a sexual attraction to sb that is not serious attentive helpful | making sure that people have what they need intrusive too noticeable, direct, etc. in a way that is disturbing or annoying à la carte if food in a restaurant is a la carte, or if you eat a la carte, you choose from a list of dishes that have separate prices, rather than having a complete meal at a fixed price set menu menu where multi-course meals with only a few choices are charged at a fixed total price prescribed (used about a person or an organization with authority) what should be done or how sth should be done credit unit of study at a college or university (in the US, also at a school) | the fact of having successfully completed a unit of study traffic congestion traffic jam gridlock traffic jam exhaust fumes gases ejected from an engine as waste products ecstatic very happy, excited and enthusiastic | feeling or showing great enthusiasm critical thinking appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation, not accepting without questioning the ideas or opinions expressed to accept / take sth at face value to believe that sth is what it appears to be, without questioning it child-centred learning allow children as much freedom as possible. They should be able to think for themselves and form their own opinions discovery learning when things (experience & interaction) rather than people preaching to children should be used to train children (e.g. if you break a window, you get cold) to impart /ɪmˈpɑ:t/ ~ sth (to sb) to pass information, knowledge, etc. to other people undeniable true or certain | that cannot be contradicted to lowball to make a deliberately low estimate | to underestimate to lace to add a small amount of alcohol, a drug, poison, etc. to a drink decisively with firmness stuffed toy toy sewn from a textile, and stuffed with a soft material. In British English they are soft toys or cuddly toys. In North American English they are variously referred to as plush toys, plushies, or stuffed animals. off the top of my head without thinking hard | quickly close at hand handy | close by | within one's range to probe ~ (into sth) to ask questions in order to find out secret or hidden information about sb/sth to cope with with to deal successfully with sth difficult to deal with to solve a problem, carry out a task, etc to reassure sb (about sth) to say or do sth that makes sb less frightened or worried | to restore confidence to tamper with sth to make changes to sth without permission, especially in order to damage it outrage strong feeling of shock and anger to chop to cut into pieces to ensue to happen after or as a result of another event | to follow rival person, company, or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc to flounder to struggle to know what to say or do or how to continue with sth to empathise be understanding of | to share the feelings of | understand the sentiments of inward towards yourself and your interests precious valuable or important and not to be wasted inevitable which cannot be avoided robust very strong | able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break | strong and not likely to fail or become weak fallible /ˈfæləbl/ able to make mistakes or be wrong to withdraw sth (from sth) to stop giving or offering sth to sb committed willing to work hard and give your time and energy to sth | believing strongly in sth swiftly happening or done quickly and immediately | doing sth quickly biting (of wind) very cold and unpleasant, (of remarks) cruel and critical inevitable which cannot be avoided robust very strong | able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break | strong and not likely to fail or become weak fallible /ˈfæləbl/ able to make mistakes or be wrong to withdraw sth (from sth) to stop giving or offering sth to sb committed willing to work hard and give your time and energy to sth | believing strongly in sth swiftly happening or done quickly and immediately | doing sth quickly SaaS method of software delivery that allows data to be accessed from any device with an internet. Software as a service is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted. It is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software", and was formerly referred to as "software plus services" by Microsoft to disclose to give sb information about sth, especially sth that was previously secret contingency plan plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan | often used for risk management when an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences liability state of being legally obliged and responsible | obligation to pay money to another party damage limitation minimising the negative effects of a crisis to issue ~ sth (to sb) to make sth known formally to take legal action act of using the legal system to settle a disagreement, etc containment act of keeping sth under control so that it cannot spread in a harmful way recall (product ~) request by the manufacturer of a defective product to return the product (as for replacement or repair) drill way of learning sth by means of repeated exercises | practice of what to do in an emergency, for example if there is a fire in range near enough to be reached, seen or heard to desensitize /ˈdi:ˈsensɪtaɪz/ to reduce or destroy the sensitiveness of fictitious invented by sb rather than true | imaginary, not true mercenary /'mə:sə,neri:/ soldier who will fight for any country or group that offers payment to deprave to make sb morally bad rebellious opposed to the government of a country | opposed to those in authority within an organization | unwilling to obey rules or accept normal standards of behaviour, dress, etc to invigorate to make sb feel healthy and full of energy | to make a situation, an organization, etc. efficient and successful fat cat (informal, disapproving) a person who earns, or who has, a lot of money (especially when compared to people who do not earn so much) buzz strong feeling of pleasure, excitement or achievement repugnant ~ (to sb) /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/ (formal) making you feel strong dislike or disgust to harness to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth second wind (informal) new energy that makes you able to continue with sth that had made you tired second breath easier breathing that follows difficult breathing when one makes a severe physical effort, as in running or swimming conciseness terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words nitty-gritty realities or practical details of a matter | most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience rapport friendly relationship in which people understand each other very well to cope with to deal successfully with sth difficult to nip sth in the bud to check at the outset | prevent at the start | block or destroy in the beginning grit courage and determination that makes it possible for sb to continue doing sth difficult or unpleasant dev ops developer operations, IT staff member in charge of sys admin, mostly hardware, who have the ambition to become software engineers but lack skills to script anything more advanced than backups and network configurations stubbornness attitude of being unyielding, unbending, inflexible resilience ability of people or things to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant, such as shock, injury, etc succinct concise indifferent to having or showing no interest in sb/sth to take sth with a grain | pinch of salt to view something with scepticism or not to interpret something literally silver bullet simple guaranteed solution for a difficult problem whirlpool place in a river or the sea where currents of water spin round very fast: (figurative) She felt she was being dragged into a whirlpool of emotion to think outside the box | out of the box metaphor that means to think differently, unconventionally, or from a new perspective. This phrase often refers to novel or creative thinking unwavering (formal) not changing or becoming weaker in any way feasibility study study of the practicability of a proposed project | uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success MVP minimum viable product, version of a product with just enough features to satisfy early customers and provide feedback for future product development to soldier on to continue with what you are doing or trying to achieve, especially when this is difficult or unpleasant in due time at the appropriate time to bury your head in the sand to refuse to think about unpleasant facts, although they will have an influence on your situation to keep a low profile to avoid attracting attention to yourself to confess (to sth / to doing sth) to admit, especially formally or to the police, that you have done sth wrong or illegal to lay / put the blame for sth on sb to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad viable that can be done | that will be successful to urge to advise or try hard to persuade sb to do sth | to make a person or an animal move more quickly and/or in a particular direction, especially by pushing or forcing them to advocate (formal) to support sth publicly | to recommend upgradability (uncountable) (computing, of electronic equipment) capability of being improved in functionality by the addition or replacement of components non-compete agreement contract between an employee and an employer in which the employee agrees not to enter into competition with the employer during or after employment. These legal contracts prevent employees from entering into markets or professions considered to be in direct competition with the employer. non-compete clause in contract law, a non-compete clause (often NCC), or covenant not to compete (CNC), is a clause under which one party (usually an employee) agrees not to enter into or start a similar profession or trade in competition against another party (usually the employer). Some courts refer to these as "restrictive covenants" to dispel to make sth, especially a feeling or belief, go away or disappear rumour piece of information, or a story, that people talk about, but that may not be true gossip (disapproving) informal talk or stories about other people's private lives, that may be unkind or not true tittle-tattle (informal, disapproving) unimportant talk, usually not true, about other people and their lives | gossip hearsay things that you have heard from another person but do not (definitely) know to be true to breach not to keep to an agreement or not keep a promise hackathon | hack day | hackfest | codefest | a portmanteau of hacking marathon design sprint-like event | often, in which computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, project managers, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively on software projects. The goal of a hackathon is to create functioning software or hardware by the end of the event well founded having good reasons or evidence to cause or support it | opp. ill founded fruitful producing many useful results to dissuade ~ sb (from sth / from doing sth) to persuade sb not to do sth to nip in the bud to cut off at the very commencement of growth | to kill in the incipient stage diffident (about sth) not having much confidence in yourself | not wanting to talk about yourself | shy sheepish looking or feeling embarrassed because you have done sth silly or wrong | shy catch-up video most TV providers offer their own form of catch-up TV through set-top boxes and apps. Catch-up programmes are usually available for a much shorter amount of time through set-top boxes, typically just seven days Widevine proprietary digital rights management (DRM) technology provider used by Google Chrome and Firefox web browsers (and some of its derivates), Android MediaDRM, Android TV, and other consumer electronics devices to work your fingers to the bone to work extremely hard, especially for a long time back of the envelope calculation informal mathematical computation, often performed on a scrap of paper, such as an envelope. A back-of-the-envelope calculation uses estimated or rounded numbers to develop a ballpark figure quickly duct tape wide silvery adhesive tape intended to seal joints in sheet metal duct work but having many other uses, is often confused with gaffer tape (which is designed to be non-reflective and cleanly removed, unlike duct tape) duct tape solution temporary fixes that mitigate the underlying problems but don't solve them ad-hoc Latin phrase meaning literally "to this". In English, it generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes to rig something (up) to make or to build sth quickly, using whatever materials are available made in a garage to do something with little effort, not completely done, poorly done, little or no effort is used in the job/activity home-made, homebrewed made or produced in the home or by yourself under one's wing under the care or protection of to divvy up (informal) to divide sth, especially money into two or more parts multifaceted having many different aspects to be considered groupthink first used in 1972 by social psychologist Irving L. Janis that refers to a psychological phenomenon in which people strive for consensus within a group. In many cases, people will set aside their own personal beliefs or adopt the opinion of the rest of the group. Occurs in groups when individual thinking or individual creativity is lost or subverted to stay within the comfort zone of the consensus view to swot up on (BrE, informal) to study a particular subject very hard, especially in order to prepare for an exam OTT over-the-top (OTT) media service is a streaming media service offered directly to viewers via the Internet. OTT bypasses cable, broadcast, and satellite television platforms, the companies that traditionally act as a controller or distributor of such content outstaffing type of remote employments when a hired person carries out all the job duties for a company (client) being officially employed by another company (outsourcing agency). The latter one acts as an employer, thus is responsible for wages, bonuses, equipment granted to a worker, while a client company provides a worker with tasks and assignments | outsourcing refers to the whole project support, while outstaffing provides hiring and maintenance of individuals computer literate able to use a computer any-key engineer engineer who is only able to press a key when asked but not understanding why data-driven making strategic decisions based on data analysis and interpretation. A data-driven approach enables companies to examine and organise their data with the goal of better serving their customers and consumers remote employee someone who is employed by a company, but works outside of a traditional office environment. This could mean working from a local co-working space, from home, at a coffee shop, or in a city across the world alongside together with or at the same time as sth/sb brick and mortar traditional street-side business that offers products and services to its customers face-to-face in an office or store that the business owns or rents. The local grocery store and the corner bank are examples of brick-and-mortar companies bus factor measurement of the risk resulting from information and capabilities not being shared among team members, derived from the phrase "in case they get hit by a bus." It is also known as the bread truck scenario, lottery factor, truck factor, bus/truck number, or lorry factor Kanban lean method to manage and improve work across human systems. This approach aims to manage work by balancing demands with available capacity, and by improving the handling of system-level bottlenecks | Like Scrum, Kanban is a process designed to help teams work together more effectively all things considered after taking everything into consideration your opinion has changed and believe that... SSOT in information systems design and theory, single source of truth (SSOT) is the practice of structuring information models and associated data schema such that every data element is mastered (or edited) in only one place. Any possible linkages to this data element (possibly in other areas of the relational schema or even in distant federated databases) are by reference only. Because all other locations of the data just refer back to the primary "source of truth" location, updates to the data element in the primary location propagate to the entire system without the possibility of a duplicate value somewhere being forgotten SME subject-matter expert is a person who is an authority in a particular area or topic. The term is used when developing materials about a topic (a book, an examination, a manual, etc.), and expertise on the topic is needed by the personnel developing the material coveted greatly desired to mend to repair forklift small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them skip large open container for putting old bricks, rubbish/garbage, etc. in. The skip is then loaded on a lorry/truck and taken away stacking placing in a vertical arrangement so that each item in a pile is resting on top of another item in the pile rack piece of equipment, usually made of metal or wooden bars, that is used for holding things or for hanging things on pallet heavy wooden or metal base that can be used for moving or storing goods statutory /ˈstætjutərɪ/ fixed by law | that must be done by law compulsory obligatory design fault flaw in a product which is due to it being poorly designed technical specifications precise guidelines which establish how the product should be built industry standards accepted norm in a particular field of business to impose to force sb/sth to have to deal with sth that is difficult or unpleasant quality assurance system put in place to ensure that quality targets are met to enumerate to name things on a list one by one beholder person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses | observer substandard of less than the required or normal quality or size | inferior exacting needing or demanding a lot of effort and care about details shoddy designed to deceive or mislead either deliberately or inadvertently heavy-duty made for long or hard use | very strong flimsy thin strong lightweight translucent paper used especially for making carbon copies, lacking solidity or strength, not convincing to splash out (informal) to spend a lot of money on sth compliance (in - with) practice of obeying rules or requests made by people in authority disposable item that can be disposed of after it has been used tough strong enough to deal successfully with difficult conditions or situations durability ability to last long by resisting to stress or force white goods domestic appliance, is usually defined as a large machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking, or food preservation built-in / planned obsolescence commercial strategy to decide of built quality and when goods could become old-fashioned | falling into disuse or becoming out of date fracture fact of sth breaking, especially a bone heading title printed at the top of a page or at the beginning of a section of a book superficial not studying or looking at sth thoroughly | seeing only what is obvious sake (for the - of sth) because of the interest or value sth has, not because of the advantages it may bring enchanting capturing interest as if by a spell spell words that are thought to have magic power or to make a piece of magic work elusive difficult to find, define, catch, or achieve craze an interest followed with exaggerated zeal, sth which becomes suddenly very popular to take for granted to accept without verification or proof | to suppose or understand to be true lean of organizations, etc.) strong and efficient because the number of employees has been reduced | (of meat) with little fat trap a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned fads any form of behaviour that develops among a large population and is collectively followed with enthusiasm for some period, generally as a result of the behaviour's being perceived as novel in some way | things which are fashionable for a short time sour unpleasant, unsuccessful, having a stale taste marvel wonderful and surprising person or thing amid in the middle of or during sth, especially sth that causes excitement or fear to rumble to make a long deep sound or series of sounds forecourt staff the part of a filling-station where petrol is supplied kid gloves (to handle with ~) to handle with great care and sensitivity to work one's fingers to the bone to work very hard to pull together to join your efforts with those of others | to work on a task together | to cooperate to put up with to accept patiently | bear late notice request made at the last moment, usually unexpectedly to sack to fire an employee favouritism unfair favouring of one person or group at the expense of another nepotism giving unfair advantages to your own family if you are in a position of power, especially by giving them jobs to interfere ~ (in sth) to get involved in and try to influence a situation that does not concern you, in a way that annoys other people behind schedule being late to take for granted to take to be the case or to be true | accept without verification or proof nephew son of your brother or sister | the son of your husband's or wife's brother or sister clue fact or a piece of evidence that helps you discover the answer to a problem to stand for to mean, to symbolise anxious about sth | ~ for sb feeling worried or nervous dinner jacket black or white jacket worn with a bow tie at formal occasions in the evening | tuxedo (AmEn) high school (in the US and some other countries) a school for young people between the ages of 14 and 18 | often used in Britain in the names of schools for young people between the ages of 11 and 18 assiduous (formal) working very hard and taking great care that everything is done as well as it can be | diligent arcane /,ɔr'kein/ (formal) secret and mysterious and therefore difficult to understand circumspect (formal) thinking very carefully about sth before doing it, because there may be risks involved empathy (with sb/sth) | ~ (for sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) ability to understand another person's feelings, experience, etc erudite /ˈeru:daɪt/ (formal) having or showing great knowledge that is gained from academic study to resort to act of using sth, especially sth bad or unpleasant, because nothing else is possible to preserve to keep sth in its original state in good condition | sb/sth (from sth) to keep sb/sth alive, or safe from harm or danger A levels subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education, as well as a school leaving qualification offered by the educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the educational authorities of British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education pee power® generated when microbial fuel cells (MFCs) work by employing live microbes which feed on urine (the fuel) for their own growth and maintenance. The MFC taps a portion of the biochemical energy used for microbial growth, and converts that directly into electricity or PEE POWER® to molest to attack sb, especially a child, sexually sighting occasion when sb sees sb/sth, especially sth unusual or sth that lasts for only a short time felling (~ of trees) process of cutting down individual trees drought /draut/ long period of time when there is little or no rain eradication complete destruction of every trace of something to hatch out (of an egg) to break open so that a young bird, fish, insect, etc. can come out matter (organic ~) substance or things of a particular sort, e.g. add plenty of organic matter to improve the soil, elimination of waste matter from the body precipitation (technical) rain, snow, etc. that falls | the amount of this that falls subsequently (formal) afterwards | later | after sth else has happened carbon dioxide (Symbol CO2) gas breathed out by people and animals from the lungs or produced by burning carbon dough mixture of flour, water, etc. that is made into bread and pastry a.k.a also known as resort place where a lot of people go on holiday plot of land small piece of land that is used or intended for a special purpose amenities things that make you comfortable and at ease premises building and land near to it that a business owns or uses real estate property in the form of land or buildings earthship brand of passive solar earth shelter that is made of both natural and upcycled materials such as earth-packed tires, pioneered by architect Michael Reynolds. The name is based on the idea of a ship or a space ship. Both of those structures need to provide everything for their inhabitants to survive: shelter, power, waste management, water, and food. Are intended to be "off-the-grid-ready" homes, with minimal reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels. They are constructed to use available natural resources, especially energy from the sun and rain water. They are designed with thermal mass construction and natural cross-ventilation to regulate indoor temperature. The designs are intentionally uncomplicated and mainly single-story, so that people with little building knowledge can construct them off-the-grid system and lifestyle designed to help people function without the support of remote infrastructure, such as an electrical grid. Off-the-grid homes aim to achieve autonomy | they do not rely on one or more of municipal water supply, sewer, gas, electrical power grid, or similar utility services. The term "off the grid" traditionally refers to the electrical grid only grey water water which has been used at least once already. Typically it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers. black water water that has been used in a toilet. Earthships utilize anaerobic digestion in their septic tanks, which naturally separate solid waste. The black water is used in concrete cells containing plants, separate from the grey water plants in the greenhouse | it may also be used in exterior planters. Studies on the safety of growing food plants in a black water system show low levels of E. coli bacteria. It is not recommended to plant edibles in black water circuit breaker device contained within an electrical circuit designed to interrupt the circuit when the current exceeds a preset value plywood board made by sticking thin layers of wood on top of each other, widely used both in cabinetmaking (for chests, dressers, wardrobes, and tables) and in house construction (for walls, ceilings, subfloors, doors, and in forms for casting concrete) laminated plywood decorative laminate sheets (also called laminates) glued over plywood to form a protective and decorative surface (e.g. Sunmica, Formica and other brands) laminated board thin layers of wood bonded together | similarly, laminated fabric consists of two or more layers of cloth joined together with an adhesive, or a layer of fabric bonded to a plastic sheet MDF medium-density fibreboard, engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. Just like particle board, MDF will soak up water and other liquids like a sponge and swell unless it's very well sealed on all sides and edges. Because it consists of such fine particles, MDF doesn't hold screws very well veneer thin layer of wood or plastic that is glued to the surface of cheaper wood, especially on a piece of furniture, e.g. pine, with a walnut veneer, the chest is solid oak, not veneer particle board low-density fibreboard, and chipboard – is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded panelling square or rectangular pieces of wood used to cover and decorate walls, ceilings, etc gypsum board wall board with a gypsum plaster core bonded to layers of paper or fibreboard | used instead of plaster or wall board to make interior walls plasterboard | drywall (AmEn) wide flat board used to cover walls or partitions | made from plaster or wood pulp or other materials and used primarily to form the interior walls of houses lining layer of material used to cover the inside surface of sth species group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other are divided remote chance little hope or prospect of sth happening dweller (especially in compounds) person or an animal that lives in the particular place that is mentioned global village whole world, looked at as a single community that is connected by electronic communication systems | Economic journalist Thomas Friedman's definition of the global village as a world “tied together into a single globalized marketplace and village” is another popular contemporary understanding of the term meltdown (nuclear ~) serious accident in which the central part of a nuclear reactor melts, causing harmful radiation to escape fossil /'fɔsəl/ fuels coal, gas, petroleum to come into existence to appear, come into the world generous (with sth) giving or willing to give freely | given freely to plough /'plau/ to turn over growing crops, grass, etc. with a plough and mix them into the soil to improve its quality to sow ~ sth (in / on sth) | ~ sth (with sth) to plant or spread seeds in or on the ground soil top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow maize (BrE) (AmE corn) a tall plant grown for its large yellow grains that are used for making flour or eaten as a vegetable | the grains of this plant to dwarf to make sth seem small or unimportant compared with sth else to lure (disapproving) to persuade or trick sb to go somewhere or to do sth by promising them a reward nutrient substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to grow strain particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc | pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with cash-strapped without enough money cassava type of flour made from the thick roots of a tropical plant tillage process of preparing and using land for growing crops blueprint (for sth) a plan which shows what can be achieved and how it can be achieved paddy field in which rice is grown oxen bull (= a male cow) that has been castrated (= had part of its sex organs removed), used, especially in the past, for pulling farm equipment, etc to ramble (on) (about sb/sth) to talk about sb/sth in a confused way, especially for a long time irremediable too bad to be corrected or cured bride future wife groom future husband newly-wed couple who have just married old-hat old-fashioned dull boring | not interesting or exciting to turn to to direct one's interest or attention towards | go into self-conscious (about sth) nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of you stakeholder person or company that is involved in a particular organization, project, system, etc., especially because they have invested money in it explicit clear and easy to understand implicit (in sth) suggested without being directly expressed provided (that) (only) on condition (that), only if corresponding (to sth) matching or connected with sth that you have just mentioned, e.g. there was a period of high demand and corresponding high prices steep rising or falling quickly, not gradually to be on the crest of the wave to be very successful trough /'trɔ:f/ period of time when the level of sth is low, especially a time when a business or the economy is not growing to rumble to make a long deep sound or series of sounds to ramble (on) (about sb/sth) to talk about sb/sth in a confused way, especially for a long time landslide mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff mudflow flow of water that contains large amounts of suspended particles and silt to climb the walls feeling very anxious or frustrated because one has a lot of energy but is unable to do something he or she wants to do in-tray tray for incoming documents, letters, etc to talk shop to speak about work brain drain (informal) the movement of highly skilled and qualified people to a country where they can work in better conditions and earn more money fortnight 2 weeks lobby (entrance ~) large area inside the entrance of a public building where people can meet and wait | (in the British Parliament) a large hall that is open to the public and used for people to meet and talk to Members of Parliament asymptote line that continually approaches a given curve but does not meet it at a finite distance to accuse sb of to say that sb has done sth wrong or is guilty of sth bribery giving a sum of money or sth valuable that you give or offer to sb to persuade them to help you, especially by doing sth dishonest to persist in to continue to do sth in spite of difficulties or opposition, in a way that can seem unreasonable to date back to to belong to an earlier time bed and breakfast service that provides a room to sleep in and a meal the next morning in private houses and small hotels ferry boat that carries people, vehicles and goods across a river or across a narrow part of the sea to lag behind to move or develop slowly or more slowly than other people, organizations, etc myriad extremely large number of st distressing making you feel extremely upset, especially because of sb's suffering anguishing severe pain, mental suffering or unhappiness outlook probable future for sb/sth | what is likely to happen to mitigate to make sth less harmful, serious, etc. to alleviate (formal) to mitigate to contend that (formal) to say that sth is true, especially in an argument damp slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant humidity amount of water vapour in the air case study detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view push factor reason for leaving pull factor reason for moving to deep dive into (informal) to examine something in great detail in a short space of time | to look into nevertheless in spite of sth that you have just mentioned miscellanies group or collection of different kinds of things gatherer person who collects sth nomad member of a tribe that moves with its animals from place to place to irrigate to supply water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will grow to flourish to develop quickly and be successful or common | to grow well | to be healthy and happy fertile /fə:'tail/ that plants grow well in to withhold to refuse to give sth to sb to ensue to happen after or as a result of another event to flock to go or gather together somewhere in large numbers to spring up to come into existence | to take on form or shape | to arise invader army or a country that enters another country by force in order to take control of it Middle Ages (or medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery heir /'er/ money or property that is given to you by sb when they die | legacy proximity ~ (of sb/sth) (to sb/sth) (formal) the state of being near sb/sth in distance or time to prosper to develop in a successful way | to be successful, especially financially ludicrously in a way that is ridiculous and unreasonable | that you cannot take seriously lure attractive qualities of sth | thing that is used to attract fish or animals, so that they can be caught to lure to persuade or trick sb to go somewhere or to do sth by promising them a reward labourer person whose job involves hard physical work that is not skilled, especially work that is done outdoors swamp area of ground that is very wet or covered with water and in which plants, trees, etc. are growing snobbery attitudes and behaviour of people who are snobs, who admire people in the higher social classes too much and have no respect for people in the lower social classes arrogant behaving in a proud, unpleasant way, showing little thought for other people treatise (on sth) long and serious piece of writing on a particular subject astonishing very surprising | difficult to believe couch potatoe (informal, disapproving) a person who spends a lot of time sitting and watching television newly-wed person who has recently got married, e.g The newly-weds spent their honeymoon in Venice cauliflower vegetable with green leaves around a large hard white head of flowers dairy made from milk once in a blue moon seldom, rarely to witness to see sth happen because you are there when it happens | to be the place, period, organization, etc. in which particular events take place to infer ~ sth (from sth) to reach an opinion or decide that sth is true on the basis of information that is available PIP performance improvement proposal to put food on the table to earn enough money to provide the basic necessities for oneself and (often) one's family drilling way of learning sth by means of repeated exercises | practice of what to do in an emergency, for example if there is a fire to swot ~ (for sth) (BrE, informal) to study very hard, especially in order to prepare for an exam to cram ~ (for sth) (rather old-fashioned) to learn a lot of things in a short time, in preparation for an exam to indulge in sth | ~ yourself (with sth) to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like, especially sth that is considered bad for you distress feeling of great worry or unhappiness | great suffering sour /ˈsauə/ (of a person, temper, etc.) harsh | morose | bitter biased /'baiəst/ ~ (toward(s) / against / in favour of sb/sth) having a tendency to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons | making unfair judgements to brew (up) (usually used in the progressive tenses) if sth unpleasant is brewing or brewing up, it seems likely to happen soon revenge (to take one's ~) something that you do in order to make sb suffer because they have made you suffer to facilitate to make easier to turn down to refuse revenge (to take one's ~) something that you do in order to make sb suffer because they have made you suffer to drive sth underground to make sth go in or into a secret place in order to hide from the police, the government, etc intriguing very interesting because of being unusual or not having an obvious answer favouritism /ˈfeɪvərɪtɪzm/ act of unfairly treating one person better than others because you like them better prejudicial (to sth) (formal) harming or likely to harm sb/sth to blame ~ sb/sth (for sth) | ~ sth on sb/sth to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad to claim to say that sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it | to demand or ask for sth because you believe it is your legal right to own or to have it glitch (informal) a small problem or fault that stops sth working successfully, e.g. A few technical glitches forced us to postpone the demonstration | sudden irregularity or malfunction (of equipment etc.) demanding (of a person) expecting a lot of work or attention from others | not easily satisfied turnover rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by other people job rotation practice of changing staff at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions teething small problems that a company, product, system, etc. has at the beginning to irritate to annoy sb, especially by sth you continuously do or by sth that continuously happens to make sparks fly to increase risks of a dispute, to clash lenient not as strict as expected when punishing sb or when making sure that rules are obeyed to drag to pull sb/sth along with effort and difficulty deliberate done on purpose rather than by accident | planned malicious intending or intended to do harm can't make an omelette without breaking (some) eggs to achieve a certain goal one must sometimes incur damage, experience difficulties, or make sacrifices to the detriment of at the cost of exhausted very tired to get rid of sb/sth to make yourself free of sb/sth that is annoying you or that you do not want | to throw sth away